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SubjectsHistory
उत्खनन की विधियाँ
In Class 12 History, “Excavation Methods” explores how archaeologists uncover and study material remains in the context of “Bricks, Beads and Bones.” Students learn why sites are excavated systematically, how grids, layers and stratigraphy help establish the sequence of occupation, and how tools, pottery, seals, beads, bones and architectural remains are recorded and interpreted. The topic also highlights the value and limitations of archaeological evidence in reconstructing Harappan life, technology, trade and social practices.
TOPIC PRACTICE
Up to 7 questions from this page. Select your focus, then start.
In archaeology, provenance and context are essential because an object’s position, layer, and association with nearby remains help explain its function and date. Recording the location allows researchers to connect the object with activities, structures, or other artefacts found there. Option B is correct. Changing colour, increasing price, or making a copy has no role in establishing historical meaning.
In stratigraphic archaeology, an ash layer is interpreted in relation to its depth, contents, and surrounding structures. It may result from a domestic hearth, industrial activity, accidental fire, warfare, or another destructive event, so context is essential. Option D is correct because ash can indicate burning or destruction. It does not by itself decode scripts, make coins, or change a river’s course.
The governing concept is spatial recording in archaeological fieldwork. A site map records where walls, houses, drains, burials, tools, and other remains were found, allowing researchers to study their relationships and the organisation of the settlement. Consequently, option D is correct. Mapping is not intended to sell objects, decorate a site, or erase earlier names; it preserves evidence and its context.
The governing archaeological principle is context documentation. A photograph taken during excavation records an object's position, orientation and relationship to nearby layers or structures before removal. This visual record helps researchers reconstruct how the site was organised and allows later checking of field notes. Option A is correct; beauty, alteration of size and commercial advertising are not scientific excavation purposes.
The governing concept is archaeological conservation: cleaning must expose an object without destroying information preserved on its surface. Soil, wear marks, residues, corrosion layers, or microscopic traces may reveal how an object was made and used. Excessive or careless cleaning can remove this evidence, so option D is correct. The goal is not to make artefacts look new, shinier, or commercially attractive, and selling them is unethical and unrelated to study.
The governing concept is systematic excavation and spatial recording. Archaeologists divide a site into measured squares or coordinates so that every artefact, layer and structure can be recorded in relation to the others. This preserves archaeological context and allows later comparison and interpretation. Thus option A is correct; decoration, soil improvement and tourist guidance are not the scientific purpose of an excavation grid.
The grid method provides a fixed spatial framework for excavation and recording. Each square can be labelled and documented, allowing archaeologists to note the exact position, depth, and association of artefacts and structures. This preserves archaeological context for later analysis, so option D is correct. Decoration, planting trees, and road construction are unrelated to the method.
QUIZ COMPLETE
