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If a country's total fertility approaches replacement level, why can population still grow for several decades?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: Demographic momentum caused by a youthful age structure

Replacement-level fertility does not immediately produce a stable population because population structure reflects earlier fertility patterns. If previous decades had high fertility, a large group of young people may now be entering or moving through reproductive ages. Even when each woman has nearly replacement-level fertility, the total number of mothers can remain large.

Consequently, births may continue to exceed deaths for several decades. This continuing population increase is called demographic momentum and is linked to a youthful age structure. The result is not guaranteed by zero deaths, expanding land, or always-positive migration. Therefore option A is correct under the stated conditions.

Related tags

Replacement FertilityDemographic MomentumYouthful Age StructurePopulation GrowthThe World Population – DistributionDensity And GrowthThe World Population Distribution Density And GrowthGeography

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