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In a country, fertility has been declining for a long time, life expectancy is rising, and young adults are also emigrating. What combined effect on age structure is most likely?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: Population ageing may accelerate

All three forces point toward an older age structure. Long-term fertility decline produces smaller younger cohorts, so the base of the age pyramid narrows. Rising life expectancy allows more people to survive into older ages and remain there longer. At the same time, emigration of young adults reduces the working-age share and can leave a relatively larger proportion of older residents behind. The exact outcome depends on the scale and duration of migration, but the combined direction strongly favours faster population ageing.

Choice A is correct because it combines fewer births, longer survival, and selective loss of young adults. Choice B is not supported by any of these trends. Choice C would require larger younger cohorts, which declining fertility does not produce. Choice D is too certain and is generally contrary to the likely increase in the relative older population. A country may have regional differences, but nationally the most likely effect is accelerated ageing.

Related tags

Population AgeingFertility DeclineLife ExpectancyYouth EmigrationAge StructurePopulation CompositionGeographyClass 12 Mcq

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