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If a country's birth rate remains below replacement level for several decades, which long-term outcome is most likely?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: Shrinking younger cohorts and increasing population ageing

Replacement-level fertility is the approximate fertility needed for each generation to replace itself, allowing for ordinary mortality. If fertility stays below that level for many decades, each new birth cohort tends to be smaller than the previous one. This gradually changes the shape of the age structure and reduces the relative size of younger groups.

As fewer children are born, the base of the age pyramid narrows and the population becomes older on average. Larger older cohorts also form a greater share of the total population as time passes. Therefore, option A—shrinking younger cohorts and increasing population ageing—is the most likely outcome. A continuously growing child population and a widening pyramid base contradict sustained below-replacement fertility; elderly people would not completely disappear.

Related tags

Replacement FertilityPopulation AgeingYoung CohortsAge PyramidAge StructurePopulation CompositionGeographyClass 12 Mcq

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