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SubjectsEconomics
उपभोग वस्तुएँ, पूँजीगत वस्तुएँ, अंतिम वस्तुएँ और मध्यवर्ती वस्तुएँ
In Class 12 Economics, this topic from “National Income and Related Aggregates” explains how goods are classified according to their use and stage of production. Students learn to distinguish consumption goods from capital goods, and final goods from intermediate goods, using clear examples such as food bought by households, machinery used by firms, and raw materials used in production. The topic also shows why this distinction matters in national income accounting and how it helps prevent double counting while measuring an economy’s output.
Correct answer: D. Intermediate good
Explanation: The school uses the paper as an input to prepare examination papers as part of its educational and administrative services. It is consumed during that process and does not provide repeated service like a machine or building. Therefore, from the school’s production perspective, the paper is an intermediate good.
Correct answer: A. Final capital good
Explanation: The printing machine is acquired by the newspaper company as durable equipment for producing newspapers. It will provide repeated productive services over many years and will not be used up in one printing cycle. Therefore it is a final capital good and represents investment by the newspaper company.
Correct answer: B. Intermediate good
Explanation: Ink is purchased by the newspaper company as a material input for printing newspapers. It is used up or transferred during production and its value becomes part of the cost and value of the printed newspaper. Since it does not provide repeated services like a machine, it is an intermediate good for the company.
Correct answer: C. Final consumption good
Explanation: The household buys the newspaper for direct reading and satisfaction, not for resale or for use as an input in producing another good or service. It is therefore a final consumption good. The same newspaper-related inputs, such as ink and paper bought by the publisher, would be intermediate goods for the publishing company.
Correct answer: D. Intermediate consumption
Explanation: The study material is purchased by the company as an input for providing employee training and is used up during the current production or service process. It does not create a durable asset that will be used repeatedly for many years. Therefore, the expenditure is intermediate consumption. It is not final consumption because the purchaser is a producer, not a household consuming the material for satisfaction.
Correct answer: A. Final capital good
Explanation: A permanent training-centre building is a durable asset that remains available for the company’s use over several years. It supports training and productive or service activities without being used up immediately or becoming physically incorporated into another product. Thus it is a final capital good and forms part of fixed capital formation. It is not an intermediate good or raw material.
Correct answer: B. Sales receipt
Explanation: When households purchase final goods from firms, households record the payment as consumption expenditure. For firms, the identical transaction is recorded as revenue or a sales receipt from selling their products. It is not factor cost, because factor cost refers to payments for inputs such as labour and land. It is also neither a foreign loan nor necessarily a saving leakage. Therefore, option B is correct.
Correct answer: B. Capital good
Explanation: A bus purchased by a school is a durable asset used repeatedly to provide transport services over several years. It is not completely used up in one production cycle like fuel or raw vegetables. Therefore, the bus is treated as a capital good and its purchase represents investment. The value of the bus contributes to production over time, while depreciation records the gradual loss of its productive value.
Correct answer: C. Intermediate consumption
Explanation: Diesel is consumed while the school’s bus service is being produced. It is an input that helps operate the bus and is used up during the provision of transport, unlike the bus itself, which is a durable capital asset. Therefore, diesel is classified as intermediate consumption. It is not a financial asset, and in this production context it is not household final consumption.
Correct answer: A. Because it is not income newly generated by current production
Explanation: A monetary gift is a transfer payment: money moves from one person or institution to another without any current good or service being produced in return. It therefore does not create new value added or factor income in the accounting period. National income measures income arising from current production, not every receipt of money. The recipient may later spend the gift on a final good, and that purchase may be counted, but the gift itself is excluded.
Correct answer: A. As a service included within the production boundary
Explanation: A domestic servant who is paid wages provides a market-valued service to the household. Because a payment is made for this service, it falls within the conventional production boundary and its value can be recorded as household production or service output. This differs from unpaid household work performed by family members, which is generally excluded from measured national income despite its usefulness.
Correct answer: A. When users and the purpose of use differ
Explanation: The classification of a good depends on its economic use, not simply on its physical identity. Flour bought by a household for direct consumption is a final good, whereas flour bought by a bakery to make bread is an intermediate good. Thus, the same product can receive different classifications when the user or purpose differs. Colour, tax rates and stock changes do not determine this distinction. Option A is correct.
Correct answer: A. Cost-based valuation
Explanation: Government non-market services, such as public administration or defence, are generally supplied without a meaningful market price. Their output is therefore valued by the cost of production, including compensation of employees, intermediate consumption and consumption of fixed capital. A profit-maximising price cannot be used when the service is not sold commercially.
Correct answer: A. Because it is not current-year production
Explanation: National income records the value of goods and services produced during the current accounting period. An old car was counted when it was originally produced and sold. Its resale merely transfers ownership between two parties and does not represent new current production, so counting it again would cause double counting.
Correct answer: A. Because it is a transfer payment
Explanation: A pension is a transfer payment because the recipient does not provide a currently produced good or service directly in exchange for it. Adding the pension itself to final expenditure would count a redistribution of income as new production. Any later spending by the pensioner on goods or services is recorded when that purchase occurs.
Correct answer: A. A household buying a new house
Explanation: The purchase of a newly constructed house is treated as investment because a house is a durable capital asset that provides housing services over many years. It is included in gross fixed capital formation, not private final consumption expenditure. Fruits, school education services and mobile services are current household consumption items.
Correct answer: A. Because they are used for long periods in production and are not bought for resale
Explanation: Capital goods are purchased by producers for use over a number of production periods. They are not immediately used up as inputs in producing another current product and are not bought for resale to consumers. Consequently, their purchase is recorded as final investment expenditure, specifically gross fixed capital formation, even though they support future production.
Correct answer: A. Private final consumption expenditure
Explanation: An insurance policy purchased by a household provides a current risk-protection and financial service. The service charge or premium attributable to the service is therefore treated as private final consumption expenditure. It is not investment, because the household is not acquiring a productive capital asset, and it is not net exports unless the service is supplied across national borders.
Correct answer: A. Only the machine
Explanation: A newly purchased machine is a capital good that provides productive services over several periods, so its purchase is recorded as investment, normally under gross fixed capital formation. Raw material is an intermediate input used up in production, and an ordinary repair service is generally a current production expense rather than a new capital asset. Therefore, only the machine is final investment in this question.
Correct answer: C. Increase in stock or investment
Explanation: Finished goods produced during the accounting period but not sold are added to the producer’s inventory, or stock. In national-income accounting, an increase in inventories is treated as investment because the goods represent current production that has not yet been purchased by final users. This prevents current production from being omitted from GDP. Hence option C is correct.
Correct answer: A. Because it is an intermediate input used in production
Explanation: Packing material purchased by a firm is normally used as an input in producing, packaging, or marketing another product. Its value becomes part of the value of the final product sold to the consumer. Counting the packing material separately as final expenditure would therefore count the same production twice. It is classified as intermediate consumption; only the final product’s value is included in final expenditure.
Correct answer: A. A household's purchase of a new refrigerator
Explanation: A household’s purchase of a newly produced refrigerator is final consumption expenditure because the appliance is bought for final use and is not being used as an input for further production or resale. Cloth bought by a trader and raw materials bought by a manufacturer are intermediate purchases, while old shares represent a financial transaction rather than current production.
Correct answer: C. Purchase of wheat by a trader for resale
Explanation: Wheat purchased by a trader for resale is an intermediate purchase because it is acquired for business activity and not for final use. Counting it as final consumption would risk double counting when the wheat or the product made from it is sold to the final user. A new household car and medical services are final household consumption, while school services are government final consumption.
Correct answer: A. Car in consumption expenditure (C) and truck in investment expenditure (I)
Explanation: The household’s new car is purchased for personal use, so it is a final consumption good and enters private consumption expenditure, C. The company’s new truck is a durable asset used in business production or transport, so it is treated as capital formation and enters investment expenditure, I. Both are domestically produced, so neither is recorded as an import. The classification depends mainly on the purchaser’s purpose and the nature of use.
Correct answer: A. Private final consumption expenditure (PFCE)
Explanation: An annual app subscription purchased by a consumer is payment for a service used for final consumption. It does not create a physical or productive asset owned by the consumer, so it is not gross capital formation. Because the app service is supplied by a domestic producer, the expenditure is recorded as private final consumption expenditure and contributes to domestic GDP, subject to national accounting coverage.
