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राष्ट्रीय आय से संबंधित समुच्चय—शुद्ध राष्ट्रीय उत्पाद (NNP)
This Class 12 Economics topic, part of the chapter “National Income and Related Aggregates,” explains Net National Product (NNP) as the value of final goods and services produced by a country’s normal residents after deducting depreciation. Students learn how NNP is related to Gross National Product (GNP), distinguish NNP at market price from NNP at factor cost, and understand the role of net indirect taxes and depreciation in national income calculations. The topic also helps them interpret NNP as an indicator of economic activity and income.
Practice questions
01 If NNP at factor cost (NNP₍FC₎) is less than NDP at factor cost (NDP₍FC₎), which flow is indicated?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Net factor payment to abroad
Explanation: The relationship is NNP₍FC₎ = NDP₍FC₎ + NFIA, where NFIA means net factor income from abroad. If NNP₍FC₎ is lower than NDP₍FC₎, NFIA must be negative. A negative NFIA means factor-income payments made to the rest of the world exceed factor-income receipts received from abroad. Therefore, the indicated flow is net factor payment to abroad. This is a national-versus-domestic distinction, not a price-basis adjustment.
02 If NNP₍FC₎ = ₹1,320 crore and NDP₍FC₎ = ₹1,400 crore, what is NFIA and what does it mean?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. −₹80 crore; net payment to the rest of the world
Explanation: Use the identity NNP₍FC₎ = NDP₍FC₎ + NFIA. Rearranging gives NFIA = NNP₍FC₎ − NDP₍FC₎ = 1,320 − 1,400 = −₹80 crore. The negative sign is economically important: residents’ factor-income payments to the rest of the world exceed factor-income receipts from abroad by ₹80 crore. Hence option A is correct; option B incorrectly changes the sign and meaning.
03 Which pair is incorrect in the conversion of national-income aggregates to NNP?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Market price to factor cost — subtract NFIA
Explanation: Option A is incorrect because market-price to factor-cost conversion is a price-basis conversion. It uses net indirect taxes: factor cost equals market price minus net indirect taxes. NFIA is used for domestic-to-national conversion, not for market-price-to-factor-cost conversion. The other pairs are correct: depreciation changes gross into net, NFIA changes domestic into national, and adding net indirect taxes changes factor cost into market price.
04 If GDP₍MP₎ remains unchanged, NFIA rises, and depreciation rises by the same amount, what happens to NNP₍MP₎?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. It may remain unchanged
Explanation: Use NNP₍MP₎ = GDP₍MP₎ + NFIA − depreciation. If GDP is unchanged, NFIA increases by ₹x, and depreciation also increases by ₹x, the positive and negative changes cancel: +₹x − ₹x = 0. Consequently, NNP₍MP₎ can remain unchanged. The word “same amount” is essential; if the two changes were unequal, NNP would rise or fall according to the larger change.
05 Why is NNP not considered a perfect indicator of welfare?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Because it does not show income distribution and non-market factors
Explanation: NNP measures the net value of final goods and services produced by the normal residents of a country after deducting depreciation. However, it is an aggregate monetary measure. It does not reveal how income is distributed, and it may ignore non-market services, leisure, environmental quality, and other social factors. Therefore, NNP alone cannot perfectly measure welfare.
06 If NNP rises but pollution also rises heavily, what caution is needed before concluding that welfare has improved?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. NNP growth does not guarantee welfare growth
Explanation: A rise in NNP indicates an increase in measured net production, but it does not automatically mean that people are better off. Heavy pollution is a negative externality that can reduce health, comfort, productivity, and environmental quality. If its social cost is not fully deducted from NNP, welfare may remain unchanged or even decline despite economic growth.
07 If a country has high NNP at factor cost but income is highly unequal, which inference is correct?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Average income may be high, but welfare is not evenly distributed
Explanation: NNP at factor cost represents the net factor income earned by the normal residents of an economy, valued at factor payments. It is an aggregate figure and does not show the shares received by different households or groups. Consequently, a high NNPFC may coexist with serious inequality, so average or aggregate income cannot by itself establish equal welfare.
08 Which item can be included in NNP without causing double counting?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. The value of a final consumer good
Explanation: A final consumer good is purchased for final use, so its market value represents the value of the completed current output. The value of intermediate raw materials is already embodied in that final product and must not be added separately. Adding both would count the same production more than once. Resale of an old asset is not wholly current production.
09 If brokerage on the sale of old shares is ₹2 lakh, what is the nature of this brokerage in NNP accounting?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Payment for a current financial service
Explanation: Brokerage paid to an agent for arranging or completing the sale of old shares is remuneration for a financial service provided during the current accounting period. The old shares themselves are existing financial assets, so their sale does not represent current production. However, the newly provided brokerage service is current output and can be included as service income.
10 If indirect taxes are included in NNP at market price, how are they treated when converting it to NNP at factor cost?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. After adjusting subsidies, net indirect taxes are subtracted
Explanation: Market prices include net indirect taxes, where net indirect taxes equal indirect taxes minus subsidies. To convert NNP at market price into NNP at factor cost, net indirect taxes are subtracted: NNPFC = NNPMP − net indirect taxes. Subtracting only gross indirect taxes would be incorrect because subsidies reduce the effective tax burden reflected in market prices.
11 In which case is the mistake of subtracting depreciation again most likely while calculating NNP at factor cost (NNP₍FC₎)?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. When the starting aggregate is NDP₍MP₎
Explanation: Option A is correct because NDP is already a net aggregate: depreciation has already been deducted from GDP. Therefore, while converting NDP₍MP₎ to NNP₍FC₎, depreciation must not be deducted again. The required adjustments are to add NFIA for domestic-to-national conversion and subtract NIT for market-price-to-factor-cost conversion. A second deduction would understate NNP.
12 If NNP₍MP₎ = ₹1,600 crore, NIT = ₹90 crore, and NFIA = −₹40 crore, what is NDP₍FC₎?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. ₹1,550 crore
Explanation: To convert NNP₍MP₎ into NDP₍FC₎, first move from national to domestic by subtracting NFIA, and then move from market price to factor cost by subtracting NIT. Thus, NDP₍FC₎ = NNP₍MP₎ − NFIA − NIT = 1,600 − (−40) − 90 = 1,550 crore. Subtracting negative NFIA adds ₹40 crore, so option A is correct.
13 If NDP₍FC₎ = ₹6,800 crore and net factor income from abroad is −₹240 crore, what will be NNP₍FC₎?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. ₹6,560 crore
Explanation: The conversion formula is NNP₍FC₎ = NDP₍FC₎ + NFIA. Here NFIA is negative, so NNP₍FC₎ = 6,800 + (−240) = ₹6,560 crore. A negative NFIA means factor income paid to the rest of the world exceeds factor income received from abroad, reducing the national aggregate relative to the domestic aggregate. Therefore, option B is correct.
14 If GDP₍FC₎ = ₹7,500 crore, NFIA = ₹180 crore, and depreciation = ₹620 crore, what will be NNP₍FC₎?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. ₹7,060 crore
Explanation: Use the conversion formula NNP₍FC₎ = GDP₍FC₎ + NFIA − depreciation. Substitution gives 7,500 + 180 − 620 = ₹7,060 crore. NFIA is added because the aggregate changes from domestic to national, while depreciation is deducted because it changes from gross to net. Thus, option C is correct; option B ignores NFIA.
15 If GDP₍MP₎ is to be derived from NNP₍FC₎, which set of adjustments is correct?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Add depreciation, deduct NFIA, and add NIT
Explanation: Starting from NNP₍FC₎, add depreciation to change net into gross. Deduct NFIA to change national into domestic, and add NIT to change factor cost into market price. Therefore, GDP₍MP₎ = NNP₍FC₎ + depreciation − NFIA + NIT. Option A lists exactly these three adjustments and is correct.
16 If NNP₍FC₎ = ₹7,200 crore, depreciation = ₹800 crore, NFIA = ₹300 crore, and NIT = ₹450 crore, what will be GDP₍MP₎?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. ₹8,150 crore
Explanation: To convert NNP₍FC₎ into GDP₍MP₎, use GDP₍MP₎ = NNP₍FC₎ + depreciation − NFIA + NIT. Substituting the values gives 7,200 + 800 − 300 + 450 = ₹8,150 crore. Depreciation makes the net measure gross, NFIA changes national to domestic, and NIT changes factor cost to market price. Hence, option A is correct.
17 If the difference between GNP at market price (GNPₘₚ) and NNP at factor cost (NNP𝒻𝒸) is given, which two components are mainly responsible?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Depreciation and net indirect taxes (NIT)
Explanation: To convert GNP at market price into NNP at factor cost, two adjustments are required. Depreciation is deducted because gross must become net, and net indirect taxes are deducted because market price must become factor cost. NFIA is not involved because GNP is already a national aggregate. Therefore, option A is correct.
18 If GNP at market price is ₹8,800 crore, NNP at factor cost is ₹7,900 crore and net indirect taxes are ₹350 crore, what is depreciation?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. ₹550 crore
Explanation: To move from NNP at factor cost to NNP at market price, add net indirect taxes: NNPMP = NNPFC + NIT = 7,900 + 350 = ₹8,250 crore. Since GNPMP is obtained by adding depreciation to NNPMP, depreciation = 8,800 − 8,250 = ₹550 crore. Therefore, option A is correct.
19 If NNP at market price is ₹6,400 crore, depreciation is ₹780 crore and net indirect taxes are ₹430 crore, what is GNP at factor cost?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. ₹6,750 crore
Explanation: First convert the net aggregate into a gross aggregate by adding depreciation: GNPMP = NNPMP + depreciation = 6,400 + 780 = ₹7,180 crore. Then convert market price to factor cost by subtracting net indirect taxes: GNPFC = 7,180 − 430 = ₹6,750 crore. Hence option A is correct.
20 In which situation can NNP at factor cost be less than NDP at market price?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. When NFIA is low or negative and NIT is positive
Explanation: Use the identity NNP_FC = NDP_MP + NFIA − NIT. For NNP_FC to be lower than NDP_MP, the adjustment NFIA − NIT must be negative. This can occur when NFIA is low or negative while NIT is positive and sufficiently large. A positive NFIA or negative NIT generally raises NNP_FC, so options B and C do not support the stated comparison; D is insufficient.
21 If NDP at market price is ₹5,900 crore, NFIA is −₹180 crore and NIT is ₹420 crore, what is NNP at factor cost?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. ₹5,300 crore
Explanation: Because NDP and NNP are both net measures, depreciation is not involved. The relevant conversion is NNP_FC = NDP_MP + NFIA − NIT. Substituting the values gives ₹5,900 + (−₹180) − ₹420 = ₹5,900 − ₹180 − ₹420 = ₹5,300 crore. Therefore option A is correct. Options B and D add adjustments incorrectly, while C omits the NIT deduction.
22 Which relation between normal depreciation and obsolescence is correct in the context of NNP?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Obsolescence can cause a fall in the economic value of capital
Explanation: Normal depreciation generally reflects the gradual physical use or wearing out of capital goods. Obsolescence is different: new technology, changing demand, or improved products can make an existing machine economically less valuable even when it still physically works. This loss is relevant to capital consumption and net measures, so A is correct.
23 Why are windfall gains not treated as factor income in NNP?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Because they are not regular rewards for current productive services
Explanation: Factor income is earned as a reward for providing a factor of production such as labour, land, capital, or entrepreneurship. Windfall gains arise unexpectedly from events such as lottery winnings, sudden asset-price changes, or exceptional luck. They are not generated by a current productive service, so including them would overstate income from current production. Therefore, windfall gains are excluded from NNP.
24 If NNP at factor cost (NNP_FC) has been calculated by the income method, why would directly adding indirect taxes be wrong?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Because NNP_FC is measured at factor cost and indirect taxes are not factor income
Explanation: The income method obtains national income by adding factor incomes such as compensation of employees, operating surplus, and mixed income. Indirect taxes are payments to the government and are not returns to factors of production. They are used in the conversion between market price and factor cost: factor cost equals market price minus net indirect taxes. Hence, adding them directly to NNP_FC would be conceptually incorrect and could cause double counting.
25 Why is mixed income treated as a separate component in the income method?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Because separating the labour and enterprise income of self-employed persons is difficult
Explanation: Mixed income is the income of self-employed persons, such as small shopkeepers, farmers, and independent professionals. Such persons provide their own labour and also use their own capital or entrepreneurial ability. In many cases, it is impossible to separate the payment for their labour from the return to their enterprise and capital. Therefore, the combined amount is recorded as mixed income in the income method.
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