If a manager adopts a strategy harmful to society which professional value is lacking?

Correct answer: Social service and ethics

Professional management is not judged only by the organisation’s short-term profit. A manager also has responsibilities toward employees, customers, the community, the environment, and other stakeholders. A strategy that harms society may create an immediate financial benefit but can violate fairness, safety, trust, law, or ethical responsibility. Sustainable success requires considering the wider effects of managerial decisions.

Option A identifies the missing value: social service and ethics. Special knowledge, formal training, and organising skill may help a manager design and implement a strategy, but they do not make a harmful strategy morally acceptable. The question asks which professional value is lacking, not whether the manager possesses technical ability. Therefore option A is correct because professional conduct includes responsibility to society.