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SubjectsBiology
बीज का विकास और फल का निर्माण
In Class 12 Biology, this topic from Chapter 1, “Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants,” explains how a fertilised ovule develops into a seed and how the ovary matures into a fruit. Students learn about embryo formation, endosperm development, seed coat formation, and the transformation of the ovary wall into the pericarp. The topic also connects fertilisation with seed maturation, fruit structure, and the role of seeds and fruits in protecting the embryo and supporting plant reproduction.
Correct answer: A. Two polar nuclei
Explanation: The central cell is the largest cell of a typical mature embryo sac and normally contains two polar nuclei, one contributed by each pole. They may fuse to form the secondary nucleus. The egg and synergids form the egg apparatus at the micropylar end, whereas the three antipodals lie at the chalazal end.
Correct answer: B. Radicle
Explanation: The radicle is the embryonic axis that grows out first or early during germination and develops into the primary root. The plumule forms the shoot system, including the young stem and leaves. Cotyledons generally nourish the embryo or become seed leaves, while endosperm stores nutrients and is not the embryonic root.
Correct answer: B. Plumule
Explanation: The plumule is the embryonic shoot and develops into the future aerial part of the plant, including the stem and leaves. The radicle becomes the primary root. The seed coat protects the embryo, and the micropyle is a small opening involved in water entry and gas exchange during germination; neither forms the shoot.
Correct answer: B. Seeds can survive unfavourable conditions
Explanation: Seed dormancy is a temporary state in which a viable seed does not germinate even when some conditions appear suitable. This delay helps the seed pass through drought, cold, heat, or seasonal scarcity and prevents seedlings from emerging at a harmful time. Once favourable conditions and suitable cues return, germination can begin.
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