Birth control

Correct answer: A. It keeps future pregnancy planning possible.

Explanation: The governing concept is reversibility as a desirable property of contraception. An effective reversible method prevents pregnancy while it is being used, but fertility can generally return after the method is stopped. This preserves the person’s future reproductive choice, so option A is correct. Reversibility does not treat sexually transmitted infections, require surgery, or involve moving an embryo; those claims confuse contraception with other procedures.

Correct answer: C. It is a non-steroidal oral contraceptive pill.

Explanation: The governing concept is the distinction between steroidal and non-steroidal oral contraception. Saheli is taken orally but is a non-steroidal contraceptive pill, unlike conventional oral pills that generally rely on steroidal hormones to influence ovulation and reproductive conditions. Therefore, option C is correct. Option A refers to Copper-T, option B to a barrier method, and option D to a permanent surgical method; none describes Saheli.

Correct answer: B. Reducing sperm motility and fertilising capacity

Explanation: The governing concept is the specific action of copper ions released by a copper IUCD. Copper makes the uterine environment hostile to sperm and reduces their motility and fertilising capacity, so option B is correct. Increased sperm phagocytosis is a broader local effect associated with IUCD action, whereas thick cervical mucus and suppression of ovulation are mainly linked with hormonal methods rather than the specific copper-ion effect.

Correct answer: C. By affecting the endometrium and cervical mucus

Explanation: The governing concept is the local hormonal action of a hormone-releasing IUD. Its hormone can thicken cervical mucus, making sperm movement and entry more difficult, and can alter the endometrium so it is less suitable for implantation. These combined effects reduce pregnancy likelihood, making option C correct. The other choices describe no contraceptive mechanism: the device does not form sperm tails, change blood group, or act only by increasing milk secretion.

Correct answer: A. Ovulation timing is not exactly the same in every cycle.

Explanation: The governing concept is the fertile-window limitation of natural contraception. Periodic abstinence requires accurate prediction of ovulation and avoidance of intercourse during fertile days. Ovulation is not fixed at exactly the same time in every cycle, and cycle length can vary; therefore, an error in prediction may lead to intercourse during the fertile window and pregnancy. Option A is correct; the others describe Copper-T, embryo transfer, and vasectomy.

Correct answer: B. It provides limited protection for a short period and only under specific conditions

Explanation: Lactational amenorrhea can temporarily suppress ovulation when breastfeeding is frequent. It is considered effective mainly for up to six months after childbirth, provided menstruation has not returned and exclusive or nearly exclusive breastfeeding continues. Ovulation may resume later, so this method is temporary rather than permanent.

Correct answer: B. It prevents sperm from entering the female reproductive tract and reduces the risk of many sexually transmitted infections

Explanation: A condom is a barrier method that prevents semen and sperm from entering the female reproductive tract, thereby reducing the chance of fertilisation and pregnancy. When used correctly and consistently, it also reduces the risk of many sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. It does not provide complete protection against every infection, especially those spread by uncovered skin-to-skin contact.

Correct answer: A. The vas deferens are cut or tied and blocked

Explanation: During vasectomy, the two vas deferens are cut, tied, or otherwise blocked. Sperm produced in the testes therefore cannot travel into the ejaculatory passage and mix with the seminal fluid. Sperm production and the secretion of seminal fluid usually continue. Because some sperm may remain after the procedure, another contraceptive method is needed until medical follow-up confirms effectiveness.

Correct answer: B. The oviducts are cut or tied, preventing sperm and ovum from meeting

Explanation: In tubectomy, the oviducts, also called fallopian tubes, are cut, tied, or blocked. Since fertilisation usually occurs in an oviduct, this prevents sperm from reaching the ovum and meeting it. The ovaries generally continue to release ova and produce hormones, so tubectomy does not usually stop ovulation or ovarian hormone production.

Correct answer: A. Copper-T — intrauterine contraceptive device — releases copper ions that reduce sperm motility and fertilising capacity

Explanation: Copper-T is an intrauterine contraceptive device that releases copper ions. These ions reduce sperm motility and fertilising capacity and contribute to a uterine environment that is hostile to sperm. Saheli is an oral contraceptive, vasectomy blocks the vas deferens rather than ovulation, and a diaphragm is a barrier that covers the cervix without releasing copper ions.

Correct answer: B. Contraception prevents pregnancy, whereas MTP terminates an established pregnancy.

Explanation: The governing concept is the timing and purpose of reproductive interventions. Contraception is used before an established pregnancy to reduce the chance of conception, for example by preventing ovulation, fertilisation, or sperm passage. MTP is a medically supervised procedure used to terminate an already established pregnancy. Thus, option B is correct. The other options confuse contraception with treatment of infection or with ovulation and incorrectly describe MTP.

Correct answer: A. Severe bleeding or infection.

Explanation: The governing concept is the importance of safe, medically supervised termination of pregnancy. An unsafe procedure may involve an untrained provider, poor hygiene, delayed care, or an unsuitable technique. Such conditions can cause severe bleeding, infection, injury to reproductive organs, infertility, or even death. Therefore, option A is correct. The other options—sudden height gain, improved vision, or permanently increased ovum production—are not consequences of termination.

Correct answer: A. They dispel myths and support voluntary, informed selection of a suitable method and its correct, consistent use.

Explanation: Free availability alone does not ensure effective contraceptive use or population stabilisation. Education and awareness reduce myths, support informed and voluntary choices, and improve correct and consistent use. They also help couples consider health needs, preferences, and appropriate spacing between births.

Correct answer: A. To select a suitable pill and regimen based on the person's health status, contraindications, drug interactions, and possible side effects

Explanation: Oral contraceptive pills contain hormones, so health conditions, contraindications, possible drug interactions, and side effects may need to be considered. Medical guidance helps identify a suitable pill and regimen. These pills do not protect against sexually transmitted infections; condoms are needed for such protection.

Correct answer: A. Emergency contraception

Explanation: Emergency contraception can reduce the chance of pregnancy after unprotected intercourse or contraceptive failure when used within the appropriate time window. Vaginal douching does not prevent pregnancy, and unsafe termination at home can cause serious harm. Emergency contraception does not replace regular contraception and does not terminate an established pregnancy.

Correct answer: A. An IUD is inserted into the uterus through the cervix by a trained health professional

Explanation: An IUD is placed inside the uterus through the cervix by a trained health professional. It is not inserted into the vagina before each act of intercourse. Option D describes the general use of some vaginal barrier methods, such as a diaphragm, rather than an IUD.

Correct answer: A. Copper ions reduce sperm motility and fertilising capacity and increase phagocytosis of sperm

Explanation: The governing concept is the local action of a copper-releasing intrauterine device. Copper ions impair sperm motility and fertilising capacity and promote phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus, thereby reducing the likelihood of fertilisation. Option B describes hormonal contraception, option C describes a condom-like barrier, and option D describes tubal ligation. Because Copper-T does not primarily work by stopping ovulation, option A is correct.

Correct answer: A. Personal suitability and professional health advice are important

Explanation: No contraceptive method is equally suitable for every individual. Age, health status, medical history, possible side effects, effectiveness, and personal preferences should be considered. Therefore, an advertisement alone cannot guide a safe choice. A qualified healthcare professional can help a person select a method appropriate for their circumstances.

Correct answer: A. It promotes planned parenthood and better maternal and child care

Explanation: The small-family norm encourages planned parenthood and appropriate spacing between children. This can support the mother’s health, nutrition, antenatal care, and postnatal care, while allowing adequate attention to each child. Thus, it is associated with improved family and reproductive health. It does not prevent medical check-ups or directly cause sexually transmitted infections.

Correct answer: A. It is a backup method intended for special situations, such as unprotected intercourse or failure of regular contraception.

Explanation: Emergency contraception is intended to reduce the risk of pregnancy after unprotected intercourse or failure of a regular method. It is a backup option rather than a routine replacement because regular methods are more suitable for ongoing prevention. It also does not protect against sexually transmitted infections.

Correct answer: A. It immobilises or destroys sperm, reducing the number of sperm capable of fertilisation.

Explanation: Spermicidal creams contain chemicals that immobilise or destroy sperm. When used with a barrier method such as a diaphragm or cervical cap, they provide an additional protective effect if some sperm pass near the barrier. Spermicides do not primarily stop ovulation or increase sperm movement.

Correct answer: A. An IUD remains in the uterus and reduces the likelihood of pregnancy for several years, depending on its type; fertility can generally return after it is removed.

Explanation: An IUD is placed in the uterus and can provide contraception for several years, depending on whether it is copper-bearing or hormone-releasing. It can be removed by a trained healthcare provider, and fertility generally returns after removal. Therefore, it is long-term but reversible. Option B describes permanent female sterilisation, not an IUD.