Biology
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
वंशागति और विविधता के सिद्धांत
Class 12 Biology students explore how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring and why variation occurs within populations. The chapter explains Mendel’s experiments, laws of inheritance, alleles, genotype and phenotype, and the use of Punnett squares to predict traits. It also introduces chromosomal inheritance, linkage and recombination, sex determination, mutations, and selected genetic disorders, helping learners connect genetic principles with biological diversity.