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SubjectsPolitical Science
राजनीतिक सिद्धांत: एक परिचय
This Class 11 Political Science topic introduces students to political theory as a systematic way of thinking about public life, power, institutions and collective decisions. As part of Part 2: Political Theory, it helps learners examine ideas such as freedom, equality, justice, rights, citizenship and authority, while connecting these concepts with everyday experiences and democratic society. Students develop the ability to ask political questions, compare viewpoints and understand why different principles shape laws and public institutions.
Correct answer: B. Checking whether the idea has proper reasons and values behind it
Explanation: Step 1: Justification means understanding the proper basis of a claim. Step 2: Political theory examines ideas through reasons values and consequences. Step 3: In exams always mention the basis before accepting an idea.
Correct answer: B. Because disagreement brings different viewpoints forward and improves understanding
Explanation: Step 1: Disagreement does not only mean opposition. Step 2: Reasoned disagreement shows the strengths and weaknesses of ideas. Step 3: In exams connect disagreement with debate and learning.
Correct answer: B. The welfare of a larger part of society and a just order
Explanation: Step 1: Public interest is larger than private gain. Step 2: It includes social welfare justice and protection of vulnerable people. Step 3: In exams link public interest with common welfare.
Correct answer: B. Whether the institution respects justice accountability and citizens' rights
Explanation: Step 1: The value of an institution is not decided by its outer appearance. Step 2: Political theory looks at how it serves justice rights and accountability. Step 3: In exams evaluate institutions by both function and values.
Correct answer: A. Absence of external restrictions
Explanation: Step 1: Negative freedom mainly focuses on absence of restrictions. Step 2: It means a person should not face unnecessary external interference. Step 3: In exams remember negative freedom as absence of obstacles.
Correct answer: A. Conditions for developing abilities and making meaningful choices
Explanation: Step 1: Positive freedom is not merely absence of restraint. Step 2: It is linked with enabling people to develop abilities and make meaningful choices. Step 3: In exams connect it with capacity opportunity and development.
Correct answer: A. Unfair advantages based on birth family or status
Explanation: Step 1: Equal opportunity means reducing unfair barriers at the starting point. Step 2: Special advantage based on birth or family weakens fair opportunity. Step 3: In exams connect equal opportunity with a fair start.
Correct answer: B. Because rights are sustained when people also respect others' rights
Explanation: Step 1: Rights protect individuals. Step 2: Duties ensure that we respect the safety and dignity of others. Step 3: In exams present rights and duties as complementary not opposite.
Correct answer: A. A fair method of decision making
Explanation: Step 1: Procedural justice gives importance to the method. Step 2: A fair decision making process increases trust. Step 3: In exams connect procedural justice with fair rules and hearing.
Correct answer: A. Social effects and distribution produced by a decision
Explanation: Step 1: Outcome based justice looks at the effect of a decision. Step 2: It asks how benefits and burdens are distributed. Step 3: In exams connect outcome justice with impact and distribution.
Correct answer: A. To maintain rules order and public safety in society
Explanation: Step 1: The idea of the state is linked with order and public life. Step 2: Without rules and security rights may be difficult to enjoy. Step 3: In exams connect the need for the state with order and protection of rights.
Correct answer: B. So that power does not become arbitrary and citizens' rights remain protected
Explanation: Step 1: The state has significant power. Step 2: Without limits power can become arbitrary and harm rights. Step 3: In exams link limited power with rights and accountability.
Correct answer: B. Power being accepted on proper grounds
Explanation: Step 1: Legitimacy is not merely having power. Step 2: Power is legitimate when it has proper grounds and acceptance. Step 3: In exams connect legitimacy with justification and acceptance.
Correct answer: A. A right is a just claim while a privilege may be a limited or biased benefit
Explanation: Step 1: Rights may be linked with moral and legal claims. Step 2: Privilege may be an extra benefit given to a particular person or group. Step 3: In exams distinguish rights as equal claims and privileges as special benefits.
Correct answer: A. To understand the fair relationship between the state and different religious groups
Explanation: Step 1: Secularism is not simply opposition to religion. Step 2: Its purpose is to understand fair treatment by the state toward all citizens. Step 3: In exams link it with equal respect and an impartial state.
Correct answer: B. Respecting others' views and rights despite disagreement
Explanation: Step 1: Tolerance does not mean blind acceptance. Step 2: It means respecting others' rights and dignity even during disagreement. Step 3: In exams connect tolerance with democratic dialogue.
Correct answer: A. Equal recognition of citizens in public decisions
Explanation: Step 1: Political equality is linked with equal dignity of citizens. Step 2: Equal recognition in public decisions is important. Step 3: In exams connect political equality with voting rights and participation.
Correct answer: A. Fair availability of opportunities respect and resources in society
Explanation: Step 1: Social justice looks at real social conditions. Step 2: Fair access to opportunities respect and resources is important. Step 3: In exams connect social justice not only with law but also with life conditions.
Correct answer: A. Because ideas are influenced by the problems of their time and society
Explanation: Step 1: Political ideas do not arise in a vacuum. Step 2: They are shaped by the problems and experiences of their time. Step 3: In exams connecting thinkers and ideas with context improves answers.
Correct answer: A. Because unclear words can create misunderstanding and weak reasoning
Explanation: Step 1: The meaning of political concepts must be clear. Step 2: Unclear language can make reasoning weak and confusing. Step 3: In exams explain concepts in simple and accurate words.
Correct answer: A. It explains why public decisions may be considered good or bad
Explanation: Step 1: Moral reasoning thinks about good bad right and wrong. Step 2: Political theory uses it to evaluate public decisions. Step 3: In exams connect moral reasoning with justice and justification.
Correct answer: A. Because citizen participation includes people's voice in public decisions
Explanation: Step 1: In democracy citizens are not mere spectators. Step 2: Their participation makes decisions more accountable and public. Step 3: In exams connect participation with voting discussion and accountability.
Correct answer: B. Ideals help criticize reality and show direction for improvement
Explanation: Step 1: Ideals are not merely dreams. Step 2: They reveal weaknesses in existing arrangements and guide improvement. Step 3: In exams present ideals and practice as connected.
Correct answer: A. Because a constitution also expresses political values and limits on power
Explanation: Step 1: A constitution is not only a list of rules. Step 2: It reflects state power citizens' rights and basic political values. Step 3: In exams connect the constitution with both law and values.
Correct answer: A. Giving definition reason example and a short conclusion
Explanation: Step 1: A good answer is written in a clear structure. Step 2: Definition reason and example make the idea easy to understand. Step 3: A short conclusion makes the exam answer stronger.
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