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SubjectsPolitical Science
राजनीतिक सिद्धांत: एक परिचय
This Class 11 Political Science topic introduces students to political theory as a systematic way of thinking about public life, power, institutions and collective decisions. As part of Part 2: Political Theory, it helps learners examine ideas such as freedom, equality, justice, rights, citizenship and authority, while connecting these concepts with everyday experiences and democratic society. Students develop the ability to ask political questions, compare viewpoints and understand why different principles shape laws and public institutions.
Correct answer: A. Because it examines whether power or a rule can be justified before the people
Explanation: Step 1: Legitimacy does not mean mere use of force; it also needs proper justification. Step 2: Political theory asks why a rule or authority should be accepted by people. Step 3: In exams, connect legitimacy with justice and acceptance.
Correct answer: A. Because majority decisions must also be examined through justice, rights and minority interests
Explanation: Step 1: Majority can be one basis of democratic decision-making. Step 2: Still, a majority decision should not harm rights and justice. Step 3: In exams, explain majority along with constitutional values.
Correct answer: A. When someone’s liberty seriously harms others’ safety, dignity or rights
Explanation: Step 1: Liberty is an important value, but it does not permit harm to others. Step 2: Some reasonable limits may protect rights in society. Step 3: In exams, link limits with public interest, not arbitrariness.
Correct answer: A. Because punishment should be linked with justice, reform and social safety
Explanation: Step 1: Revenge may be linked with private emotion. Step 2: Just punishment should be based on rules, evidence and social good. Step 3: In exams, connect punishment with law and reform.
Correct answer: A. Because it helps understand the source of rights and ways to protect them
Explanation: Step 1: It is important to understand the basis of rights. Step 2: Some views connect rights with human dignity, while law helps enforce them. Step 3: In exams, mention both source and protection.
Correct answer: A. Because sometimes justice may require different support in different situations
Explanation: Step 1: Equal treatment may mean treating everyone the same. Step 2: But giving suitable support to those in weaker positions can be just. Step 3: In exams, explain the subtle difference between equality and justice with an example.
Correct answer: A. Whether the protest is linked with a just aim, non-violent method and public responsibility
Explanation: Step 1: Civil disobedience is not the same as ordinary law-breaking. Step 2: A just aim and responsible method are important. Step 3: In exams, connect it with moral protest and public interest.
Correct answer: A. Because it examines how citizens’ voices reach the decision-making process
Explanation: Step 1: In a large society, every citizen cannot directly decide every matter. Step 2: Representation carries citizens’ voices into decision-making. Step 3: In exams, connect representation with participation and accountability.
Correct answer: A. Consent shows that government rests not only on force but also on people’s acceptance
Explanation: Step 1: Rules and institutions are necessary for government. Step 2: But stable and just government also depends on people’s acceptance. Step 3: In exams, connect consent with legitimacy.
Correct answer: A. Rights help make liberty secure and meaningful
Explanation: Step 1: Liberty becomes secure when a person’s rights are recognised. Step 2: Rights provide a basis for exercising liberty. Step 3: In exams, present them as complementary, not opposite.
Correct answer: A. Because inequality is often linked with social structures, opportunities and resources
Explanation: Step 1: Individual effort matters, but it is not the only factor. Step 2: Opportunities, resources and social arrangements can shape life chances. Step 3: In exams, also link inequality with structural causes.
Correct answer: A. Because it helps understand the strength, limit and use of different ideas
Explanation: Step 1: Different ideas highlight different problems. Step 2: Comparison helps us see which idea is more useful in which situation. Step 3: In exams, write the features of both sides while comparing.
Correct answer: A. Because those who hold power should explain the reasons for their decisions
Explanation: Step 1: When someone has power, their decisions affect others. Step 2: Accountability makes examination and correction of decisions possible. Step 3: In exams, connect accountability with responsible governance.
Correct answer: A. It helps citizens discuss common issues by giving reasons
Explanation: Step 1: Public issues cannot be settled only by private preference. Step 2: In public reasoning, citizens give reasons for their views. Step 3: In exams, connect it with dialogue and democratic understanding.
Correct answer: A. Because no single idea can fully solve every situation
Explanation: Step 1: Every political idea may explain a particular problem well. Step 2: But the same idea may not be enough in every situation. Step 3: In exams, write both the usefulness and the limit of an idea.
Correct answer: A. In such a situation, balance, justice and harm to others should be considered
Explanation: Step 1: Many rights operate together in society. Step 2: Sometimes their exercise may clash, so balance is needed. Step 3: In exams, connect conflict of rights with a just solution.
Correct answer: A. Because a law may be legally valid yet raise moral questions
Explanation: Step 1: Law provides a system of rules. Step 2: Still, it may be necessary to ask whether a rule is just. Step 3: In exams, write the difference between legal validity and moral justification.
Correct answer: A. Because public rules and social conditions also affect a person’s liberty
Explanation: Step 1: A person makes choices in private life. Step 2: But choices are also shaped by public rules, opportunities and social conditions. Step 3: In exams, understand liberty in both private and public contexts.
Correct answer: A. Because active citizens understand public issues, ask questions and participate responsibly
Explanation: Step 1: Citizenship is not limited to holding an identity document. Step 2: Active citizens understand social issues and participate responsibly. Step 3: In exams, connect active citizenship with democratic life.
Correct answer: A. Because ideas are often connected with the problems and experiences of their time
Explanation: Step 1: Political ideas do not arise in a vacuum. Step 2: They are influenced by the challenges and debates of their time. Step 3: In exams, linking an idea with its context makes the answer deeper.
Correct answer: A. Because equal respect must be given while also understanding people’s different identities and needs
Explanation: Step 1: People in society may differ in language, culture and life situations. Step 2: Equality does not mean erasing differences; it means giving respect. Step 3: In exams, connect equality with respect for diversity.
Correct answer: A. Understanding and examining ideas, values, and institutions of political life
Explanation: Step 1: Political theory studies ideas, values, and institutions linked with political life. Step 2: It asks how ideas like justice, liberty, equality, and rights work in society. Step 3: For exams, remember it as critical understanding, not just collection of facts.
Correct answer: A. Justice also needs understanding of need, merit, and circumstances along with equality
Explanation: Step 1: Political theory does not treat a value as a simple slogan; it studies its meaning and limits. Step 2: Justice needs equal concern, but also considers different needs and situations. Step 3: In exam questions, focus on the deeper meaning of the term, not only its everyday meaning.
Correct answer: A. Because real liberty also requires opportunities, security, and dignified conditions
Explanation: Step 1: Liberty may simply mean freedom from restraint, but political theory studies it more deeply. Step 2: Without education, security, and opportunities, a person’s liberty may remain incomplete. Step 3: In exams, connect liberty with the capacity to live meaningfully, not only with absence of control.
Correct answer: A. Because it helps citizens develop reasoned and responsible thinking on public issues
Explanation: Step 1: In a democracy, citizens are not just spectators; they are part of decisions and debates. Step 2: Political theory helps them think about rights, duties, justice, and equality. Step 3: For exams, remember that political theory helps build aware and responsible citizens.
