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In Class 11 Political Science, this topic from Part 2: Political Theory explores the meaning and importance of justice in public life. Students examine equality, fair treatment, recognition of different needs, and the just distribution of rights, opportunities, and resources. They consider how societies can balance individual freedom with social responsibilities, understand the idea of a just society, and apply these concepts to issues of discrimination, poverty, and unequal access.
Practice questions
01 If a policy mentions equal opportunity but information never reaches the weakest group, what is the main deficiency of justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Lack of information and real access
Explanation: Step 1: Opportunity is meaningful only when people know about it. Step 2: Lack of information excludes the weakest group from opportunity. Step 3: In exams, link equal opportunity with information, access, and resources.
02 According to Rawls, rules chosen behind the veil of ignorance are considered more just because of which quality?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. They are based on impartial thinking away from self-interest
Explanation: Step 1: The veil of ignorance asks people to think apart from their actual position. Step 2: This makes rules safer for all rather than serving private gain. Step 3: In Rawls questions, treat impartiality as the key clue.
03 If everyone has the right to go to court but the process is so costly that poor people cannot go, which issue arises?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Real access to justice
Explanation: Step 1: A right is useful only when it can be used. Step 2: A costly process can keep poor citizens away from justice. Step 3: Always connect rights with real access.
04 In which situation can equal punishment go against justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. When seriousness and circumstances of offences differ
Explanation: Step 1: Equality in punishment is fair only when situations are similar. Step 2: Equal punishment for different seriousness may be disproportionate. Step 3: In punishment questions, check proportion and context.
05 If admission is open to all in a school but there are no facilities for students with disabilities, what is the deficiency of justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Absence of real access
Explanation: Step 1: Admission is only the first part of opportunity. Step 2: Without facilities, a student with disability cannot fully use education. Step 3: In equal opportunity, check both entry and access.
06 Which option best explains public reason in justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Decisions should be based on reasons citizens can understand and examine
Explanation: Step 1: Public reason makes decisions understandable. Step 2: Citizens can examine reasons and demand accountability. Step 3: Link public reason with transparency.
07 If public money is used for private benefit, which justice problem appears?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Unfair use of public resources
Explanation: Step 1: Public money is a social resource. Step 2: Its use for private benefit weakens public welfare. Step 3: In public resources, check use and accountability.
08 Which example shows corrective justice most deeply?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. Giving compensation and restoring dignity to a wrongly punished person
Explanation: Step 1: Corrective justice repairs wrong or harm. Step 2: Compensation and restoration of dignity after wrongful punishment show correction. Step 3: In corrective justice, identify harm and remedy.
09 If a group receives only symbolic respect but no better access to education and jobs, why will social justice remain incomplete?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Because real opportunities have not improved
Explanation: Step 1: Respect is an important part of social justice. Step 2: But without access to education and jobs, real life conditions do not change. Step 3: In social justice, mention both respect and opportunity.
10 If a tax system takes the same amount from both rich and poor, which basis may be ignored from the perspective of justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Ability to pay
Explanation: Step 1: The same amount can create different burdens on different people. Step 2: The same amount may be much heavier for the poor. Step 3: In taxation questions, remember ability to pay and public welfare.
11 If rules are equal but some people receive secret information earlier, what deficiency of justice exists in competition?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Violation of fair competition
Explanation: Step 1: In competition, information must be equal along with rules. Step 2: Secret information gives unfair advantage to some people. Step 3: In competition, check rules, information, and timing.
12 If historical disadvantage is recognised but present barriers are not removed, what is the weakness of the policy?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. Real opportunities still could not develop
Explanation: Step 1: Past disadvantage can affect present conditions. Step 2: But if present barriers remain, opportunities do not become real. Step 3: Read historical and present dimensions together.
13 In which situation does Rawls's difference principle accept inequality in a limited way?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. When inequality improves the condition of the least advantaged
Explanation: Step 1: Rawls does not treat every inequality as just. Step 2: Inequality is limitedly justified only when it benefits the disadvantaged. Step 3: In the difference principle, focus on the least advantaged.
14 If the decision-maker in an institution is also a party to the dispute, which condition of justice is violated?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Need for an impartial decision-maker
Explanation: Step 1: A just decision requires an impartial decision-maker. Step 2: If a party itself decides, the risk of bias rises. Step 3: In hearing questions, identify the need for an impartial authority.
15 In which situation can market-based distribution appear weak on the test of justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. When a poor person cannot afford a basic service
Explanation: Step 1: Markets often work through purchasing power. Step 2: In basic services, dependence only on ability to pay can increase exclusion. Step 3: In distributive justice, check need and access.
16 If an application process for a scheme is so complex that needy people cannot benefit, where is the justice problem?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. In procedure and access
Explanation: Step 1: Announcing a benefit is not enough. Step 2: A complex process can exclude needy people. Step 3: In policy, check simple procedure and real access.
17 If a citizen does not know about their right, why is declaration of that right incomplete?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Because using a right is difficult without awareness
Explanation: Step 1: A right is not only a written declaration. Step 2: Without awareness, a person cannot claim it. Step 3: Write awareness and support along with rights.
18 If people doing the same work receive different pay without valid reason, which idea of justice appears?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Equal pay for equal work
Explanation: Step 1: Same work and same responsibility require a valid reason for pay difference. Step 2: Difference without reason may become discrimination. Step 3: In wage questions, check work, responsibility, and reason.
19 If a community is repeatedly excluded from decision-making, which demand of justice will arise?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Real arrangement for participation and hearing
Explanation: Step 1: An affected community can explain its difficulties better. Step 2: Without participation, decisions may become one-sided. Step 3: In social justice, connect hearing and participation.
20 In which situation will equal application of law not be enough to establish justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. When the purpose of law itself is to suppress a group
Explanation: Step 1: Equal application is one part of justice. Step 2: But if the content of law is unjust, equal application is not enough. Step 3: Check content, purpose, and effect of law.
21 If a group stays away from public life because of repeated humiliation, which dimension of justice is affected?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Dignity and participation
Explanation: Step 1: Humiliation weakens a person's dignity. Step 2: It can also reduce public participation. Step 3: In social justice, write respect and participation together.
22 If information about a public service is available in only one language and many citizens cannot understand it, what is the justice problem?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Reduced access due to language barrier
Explanation: Step 1: A service is useful only when citizens can understand it. Step 2: A language barrier can keep people away from benefits. Step 3: In access questions, check language, information, and support.
23 If extra support in a school is given only to children known to the principal, why is it not justice?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Because the basis is personal connection, not real need
Explanation: Step 1: Special support should be based on real need or disadvantage. Step 2: Giving support based on personal connection is favouritism. Step 3: Distinguish support from bias by checking its basis.
24 If a person is not informed about the accusation against them, which aspect of justice is most directly violated?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. Fair defence and hearing
Explanation: Step 1: Without knowing the accusation, a person cannot defend themselves. Step 2: Fair hearing needs accusation, evidence, and chance to respond. Step 3: In procedure questions, check information and defence.
25 If a society suppresses criticism and accepts only praise, which condition of justice becomes weak?
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Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Accountability and safe disagreement
Explanation: Step 1: Criticism can help bring injustice forward. Step 2: Suppressing criticism weakens reform and accountability. Step 3: Link disagreement with rights and hearing.
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