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SubjectsPolitical Science
न्याय
In Class 11 Political Science, this topic from Part 2: Political Theory explores the meaning and importance of justice in public life. Students examine equality, fair treatment, recognition of different needs, and the just distribution of rights, opportunities, and resources. They consider how societies can balance individual freedom with social responsibilities, understand the idea of a just society, and apply these concepts to issues of discrimination, poverty, and unequal access.
Correct answer: A. Real equality of opportunity
Explanation: Step 1: A declaration alone does not make opportunities truly equal. Step 2: Lack of resources can keep disadvantaged students behind in competition. Step 3: In exams, link opportunity with resources and access.
Correct answer: A. Actual impact of the rule
Explanation: Step 1: Justice does not only ask whether a rule is formally equal. Step 2: It also checks how the rule affects different groups. Step 3: In hard questions, pay attention to impact and outcome.
Correct answer: A. Checking whether merit developed under equal opportunities
Explanation: Step 1: Merit can be an important basis. Step 2: But if opportunities were unequal, judging merit may be incomplete. Step 3: Do not understand merit separately from opportunity.
Correct answer: A. So that rules are based on fairness instead of personal gain
Explanation: Step 1: If people know their position, they may choose rules for their own benefit. Step 2: The veil of ignorance helps them think impartially. Step 3: In Rawls, fair choice is the key point.
Correct answer: A. When it is based on real need and clear reason
Explanation: Step 1: Justice does not always demand blind sameness. Step 2: If real need is greater and the reason is clear, different support may be fair. Step 3: Always check the reason behind different treatment.
Correct answer: A. It limits arbitrary power
Explanation: Step 1: Rule of law means power must also follow rules. Step 2: This can reduce arbitrary decisions and bias. Step 3: In justice, rule of law works as a fair restraint.
Correct answer: A. Need-based priority
Explanation: Step 1: In healthcare, urgency of need matters. Step 2: Treating the serious patient first prioritises life and need. Step 3: In health examples, identify the role of need.
Correct answer: A. To reduce historical disadvantage and increase real opportunity
Explanation: Step 1: Positive discrimination considers the long disadvantage of weaker groups. Step 2: Its aim is to bring them closer to real opportunities. Step 3: Understand it as a corrective measure, not simple favouritism.
Correct answer: A. Justice values equality but also considers differences in situations
Explanation: Step 1: Equality is an important element of justice. Step 2: But justice does not ignore different needs and situations. Step 3: In balanced answers, mention both equality and context.
Correct answer: A. Everyone took the exam but some lacked basic study facilities
Explanation: Step 1: The same exam may show procedural equality. Step 2: But lack of basic facilities can make outcomes unequal. Step 3: In justice, observe both procedure and background.
Correct answer: A. Inequality that improves the position of the least advantaged
Explanation: Step 1: Rawls does not accept every inequality. Step 2: He accepts only those inequalities that improve the position of the least advantaged. Step 3: For the difference principle, remember the least advantaged group.
Correct answer: A. Fair procedure
Explanation: Step 1: Just punishment requires evidence and hearing. Step 2: Punishment without hearing increases arbitrariness. Step 3: In punishment questions, always check fair procedure.
Correct answer: A. Because severe lack of resources can affect a person's dignified life
Explanation: Step 1: Dignity means a life worthy of respect. Step 2: Lack of food, education, health, and work can weaken dignity. Step 3: Link dignity not only with feeling but also with living conditions.
Correct answer: A. Giving proper compensation to a person who suffered unfair harm
Explanation: Step 1: Corrective justice is about repairing harm or wrong. Step 2: Compensation for unfair harm clearly shows this idea. Step 3: Link corrective justice with damage and remedy.
Correct answer: A. Because the market may ignore initial inequalities and needs
Explanation: Step 1: The market gives importance to purchasing power. Step 2: Those with fewer resources may not meet their needs through the market. Step 3: In distributive justice, identify the limits of the market.
Correct answer: A. Decisions should be based on reasons citizens can understand and examine
Explanation: Step 1: In justice, the basis of a decision should be open and understandable. Step 2: Public reason allows citizens to examine fairness. Step 3: Connect public reason with transparency.
Correct answer: A. Tradition cannot be above human dignity and equal rights
Explanation: Step 1: Tradition may be part of society. Step 2: But if it suppresses dignity and equal rights, justice questions it. Step 3: When tradition and justice conflict, look at rights.
Correct answer: A. Giving due importance to all relevant sides in a decision
Explanation: Step 1: Impartiality means judging without bias. Step 2: All relevant sides should receive due attention. Step 3: Understand impartiality as the opposite of personal preference.
Correct answer: A. Because society must fairly share responsibilities along with benefits
Explanation: Step 1: Distributive justice is not only about sharing benefits. Step 2: Taxes, services, and responsibilities also need fair sharing. Step 3: Remember both benefits and burdens.
Correct answer: A. When the law's basic purpose is to suppress a group
Explanation: Step 1: Even if a law is applied equally, its nature must be examined. Step 2: If the law itself has an unjust purpose, equal application will not create justice. Step 3: Check both content and enforcement of law.
Correct answer: A. Justice is connected with rights while charity may be voluntary help
Explanation: Step 1: Charity may depend on a person's will. Step 2: Justice is connected with fair arrangements and rights. Step 3: In exams, distinguish charity from justice.
Correct answer: A. The policy may become arbitrary and unreliable
Explanation: Step 1: A just policy needs a clear basis. Step 2: Identification without evidence and criteria can become arbitrary. Step 3: Criteria are very important in special assistance.
Correct answer: A. Making a rule one could accept whether poor or rich
Explanation: Step 1: According to Rawls, rules should be chosen apart from one's private position. Step 2: Therefore, a rule should seem fair from any social position. Step 3: In Rawls, focus on impartial acceptability.
Correct answer: A. Punishment should match the seriousness and context of the offence
Explanation: Step 1: Proportionality means proper measure and balance. Step 2: A minor and a serious offence should not receive the same punishment. Step 3: In punishment, check seriousness and context.
Correct answer: A. When access to education, health, and employment is unequal across society
Explanation: Step 1: Personal goodness matters, but large inequalities are linked with institutions. Step 2: Unequal access to education, health, and employment is an institutional justice issue. Step 3: In large social questions, look at institutions.
