Justice

Step 1: A declaration alone does not make opportunities truly equal. Step 2: Lack of resources can keep disadvantaged students behind in competition. Step 3: In exams, link opportunity with resources and access.

Step 1: Justice does not only ask whether a rule is formally equal. Step 2: It also checks how the rule affects different groups. Step 3: In hard questions, pay attention to impact and outcome.

Step 1: Merit can be an important basis. Step 2: But if opportunities were unequal, judging merit may be incomplete. Step 3: Do not understand merit separately from opportunity.

Step 1: If people know their position, they may choose rules for their own benefit. Step 2: The veil of ignorance helps them think impartially. Step 3: In Rawls, fair choice is the key point.

Step 1: Justice does not always demand blind sameness. Step 2: If real need is greater and the reason is clear, different support may be fair. Step 3: Always check the reason behind different treatment.

Step 1: Rule of law means power must also follow rules. Step 2: This can reduce arbitrary decisions and bias. Step 3: In justice, rule of law works as a fair restraint.

Step 1: In healthcare, urgency of need matters. Step 2: Treating the serious patient first prioritises life and need. Step 3: In health examples, identify the role of need.

Step 1: Positive discrimination considers the long disadvantage of weaker groups. Step 2: Its aim is to bring them closer to real opportunities. Step 3: Understand it as a corrective measure, not simple favouritism.

Step 1: Equality is an important element of justice. Step 2: But justice does not ignore different needs and situations. Step 3: In balanced answers, mention both equality and context.

Step 1: The same exam may show procedural equality. Step 2: But lack of basic facilities can make outcomes unequal. Step 3: In justice, observe both procedure and background.

Step 1: Rawls does not accept every inequality. Step 2: He accepts only those inequalities that improve the position of the least advantaged. Step 3: For the difference principle, remember the least advantaged group.

Step 1: Just punishment requires evidence and hearing. Step 2: Punishment without hearing increases arbitrariness. Step 3: In punishment questions, always check fair procedure.

Step 1: Dignity means a life worthy of respect. Step 2: Lack of food, education, health, and work can weaken dignity. Step 3: Link dignity not only with feeling but also with living conditions.

Step 1: Corrective justice is about repairing harm or wrong. Step 2: Compensation for unfair harm clearly shows this idea. Step 3: Link corrective justice with damage and remedy.

Step 1: The market gives importance to purchasing power. Step 2: Those with fewer resources may not meet their needs through the market. Step 3: In distributive justice, identify the limits of the market.

Step 1: In justice, the basis of a decision should be open and understandable. Step 2: Public reason allows citizens to examine fairness. Step 3: Connect public reason with transparency.

Step 1: Tradition may be part of society. Step 2: But if it suppresses dignity and equal rights, justice questions it. Step 3: When tradition and justice conflict, look at rights.

Step 1: Impartiality means judging without bias. Step 2: All relevant sides should receive due attention. Step 3: Understand impartiality as the opposite of personal preference.

Step 1: Distributive justice is not only about sharing benefits. Step 2: Taxes, services, and responsibilities also need fair sharing. Step 3: Remember both benefits and burdens.

Step 1: Even if a law is applied equally, its nature must be examined. Step 2: If the law itself has an unjust purpose, equal application will not create justice. Step 3: Check both content and enforcement of law.

Step 1: Charity may depend on a person's will. Step 2: Justice is connected with fair arrangements and rights. Step 3: In exams, distinguish charity from justice.

Step 1: A just policy needs a clear basis. Step 2: Identification without evidence and criteria can become arbitrary. Step 3: Criteria are very important in special assistance.

Step 1: According to Rawls, rules should be chosen apart from one's private position. Step 2: Therefore, a rule should seem fair from any social position. Step 3: In Rawls, focus on impartial acceptability.

Step 1: Proportionality means proper measure and balance. Step 2: A minor and a serious offence should not receive the same punishment. Step 3: In punishment, check seriousness and context.

Step 1: Personal goodness matters, but large inequalities are linked with institutions. Step 2: Unequal access to education, health, and employment is an institutional justice issue. Step 3: In large social questions, look at institutions.