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SubjectsPolitical Science
न्याय
In Class 11 Political Science, this topic from Part 2: Political Theory explores the meaning and importance of justice in public life. Students examine equality, fair treatment, recognition of different needs, and the just distribution of rights, opportunities, and resources. They consider how societies can balance individual freedom with social responsibilities, understand the idea of a just society, and apply these concepts to issues of discrimination, poverty, and unequal access.
Correct answer: A. Treating poor patients first according to seriousness of illness
Explanation: Step 1: Just discretion is based on valid reasons and public standards. Step 2: Treating a serious patient first is linked to need and condition. Step 3: Arbitrariness is personal preference; justice requires reason.
Correct answer: A. Because the reasons behind decisions can be examined
Explanation: Step 1: Transparency means that decisions and reasons are clear. Step 2: When reasons are visible, bias or error can be examined. Step 3: Link openness with accountability in justice.
Correct answer: A. Providing preparation support to students with fewer resources
Explanation: Step 1: Competition is fairer when opportunities are real. Step 2: Supporting students with fewer resources reduces opportunity gaps. Step 3: Connect preparation support with equal opportunity.
Correct answer: A. Treating every person as a human being worthy of respect
Explanation: Step 1: Justice is not limited to distributing things. Step 2: It also recognises the human worth of every person. Step 3: When you see dignity, think of respect and human value.
Correct answer: A. When it is proportionate to the offence and given through fair procedure
Explanation: Step 1: Just punishment requires evidence and hearing. Step 2: The punishment must be proportionate to the seriousness of the offence. Step 3: In punishment questions, check both procedure and proportion.
Correct answer: A. Merit with equal opportunity and fair procedure
Explanation: Step 1: Public posts involve responsibility toward society. Step 2: Selection therefore needs merit, equal opportunity, and fair procedure. Step 3: Treat favouritism in public selection as injustice.
Correct answer: A. Because need demands support while merit seeks recognition of contribution
Explanation: Step 1: Need and merit are both important bases of justice. Step 2: Need supports the vulnerable, while merit recognises contribution. Step 3: In hard answers, use the idea of balance.
Correct answer: A. Because past deprivation affects present capacity and opportunity
Explanation: Step 1: Past deprivation can have long-lasting effects. Step 2: Lack of education creates unequal opportunities in present competition. Step 3: Link historical disadvantage with social justice.
Correct answer: A. Fair law, fair distribution, dignity, and opportunity
Explanation: Step 1: Justice does not mean only courts or punishment. Step 2: It includes law, distribution, opportunity, and dignity. Step 3: In broad-meaning questions, look for multiple dimensions.
Correct answer: A. It should be reasonable, public, and capable of equal application
Explanation: Step 1: A just law should be clear and public. Step 2: It should be reasonable and capable of equal application. Step 3: Secret or arbitrary law moves away from justice.
Correct answer: A. A fair and public criterion for distribution
Explanation: Step 1: Scarce resources can create conflict. Step 2: Justice requires clear and fair criteria first. Step 3: In resource questions, remember the importance of criteria.
Correct answer: A. Choose rules you would accept even without knowing your social position
Explanation: Step 1: Rawls says rules should be chosen without knowledge of one's own position. Step 2: This leads people to choose safe and fair rules for all. Step 3: Understand the veil of ignorance as distance from self-interest.
Correct answer: A. It may hide unequal starting points of opportunity
Explanation: Step 1: Success is not only the result of individual talent. Step 2: Family wealth and resources also shape opportunities. Step 3: Do not separate merit from social background.
Correct answer: A. Justice is linked to rights and fair arrangements while charity may be voluntary help
Explanation: Step 1: Charity may arise from voluntary kindness. Step 2: Justice is linked with fair institutions and rights. Step 3: In exams, distinguish charity from justice.
Correct answer: A. Lack of real access and effective opportunity
Explanation: Step 1: Having rights on paper is not enough. Step 2: Justice becomes meaningful when people can actually access benefits. Step 3: Link access and effective opportunity with social justice.
Correct answer: A. The accused person should get a chance to present their side
Explanation: Step 1: A fair hearing listens to both sides. Step 2: Punishing someone without allowing them to present their side is unjust. Step 3: Connect hearing with fair procedure.
Correct answer: A. Natural talent is a matter of chance, so society should also protect the disadvantaged
Explanation: Step 1: Rawls treats natural talents as not fully under a person's control. Step 2: A just society should not leave life chances only to luck. Step 3: Link natural chance with social protection.
Correct answer: A. Because decision-makers must explain reasons for their actions
Explanation: Step 1: Accountability means being answerable for decisions. Step 2: It can reduce misuse of power and bias. Step 3: Link accountability with transparency in justice.
Correct answer: A. Allowing all children to take an entrance test but poor children cannot even reach school
Explanation: Step 1: Formal equality may have the same rule for everyone. Step 2: Real barriers may still keep poor children away from opportunity. Step 3: Real justice also checks access and resources.
Correct answer: A. Difference principle
Explanation: Step 1: Rawls's difference principle accepts inequalities only when they benefit the least advantaged. Step 2: A policy that improves their position fits this idea. Step 3: In Rawls, focus on the least advantaged.
Correct answer: A. Because listening to different views is necessary for just decisions
Explanation: Step 1: People in society have different experiences and views. Step 2: A just system allows them to express views peacefully. Step 3: Link disagreement with rights and hearing.
Correct answer: A. If it balances ability to pay and public welfare
Explanation: Step 1: Taxation gathers resources for society. Step 2: A just tax system considers ability to pay and public welfare. Step 3: In tax questions, read capacity and welfare together.
Correct answer: A. Inequality deeply built into social arrangements and institutions
Explanation: Step 1: Structural inequality is not limited to one incident. Step 2: It may exist for long in education, jobs, recognition, and institutions. Step 3: When you see structural, think of deep social arrangements.
Correct answer: A. When assistance is based on clear criteria and real disadvantage
Explanation: Step 1: Favouritism is based on personal ties or arbitrariness. Step 2: Special assistance can be just if based on clear rules and real disadvantage. Step 3: Always check criteria and reasons.
Correct answer: A. Considering equality, need, merit, rights, and fair procedure together
Explanation: Step 1: Justice is a multi-dimensional idea. Step 2: Equality, need, merit, rights, and procedure can all matter. Step 3: In hard questions, use balanced analysis instead of relying on one basis.
