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SubjectsPolitical Science
समानता
Equality in Class 11 Political Science, within Part 2: Political Theory, explores the idea that all people deserve equal moral and political worth. Students examine equality before the law, equal rights and opportunities, and the difference between treating everyone identically and addressing unequal social conditions. The topic also considers social and economic inequalities, discrimination, and why affirmative measures may be needed to create fair participation and genuine equality in a democratic society.
Correct answer: A. Inequality of social capital is affecting access to the scheme
Explanation: Step 1: Networks can work like a resource. Step 2: Those without networks may remain excluded from the scheme. Step 3: In exams connect social capital with opportunity.
Correct answer: A. The same process applies to an influential person as to an ordinary citizen
Explanation: Step 1: Equality before law means no one is above law. Step 2: Applying the same process to influential people is its real test. Step 3: In exams connect it with rule of law.
Correct answer: A. Because without information an eligible person cannot use the opportunity
Explanation: Step 1: Knowing about an opportunity is necessary. Step 2: A person without information cannot apply or participate. Step 3: In exams treat information as an important resource.
Correct answer: A. Equality accepts human dignity and demands fair arrangements from institutions
Explanation: Step 1: The moral basis of equality is human dignity. Step 2: Its institutional form appears in fair rules and opportunities. Step 3: In exams understand equality as both value and arrangement.
Correct answer: A. Because real rights and opportunities are also necessary along with respect
Explanation: Step 1: Symbolic respect can be a first step. Step 2: Equality also needs rights resources and opportunities. Step 3: In exams distinguish symbols from real change.
Correct answer: A. When essential opportunities depend only on costly means
Explanation: Step 1: The market can provide opportunities but price can become a barrier. Step 2: Costly means can exclude poor groups. Step 3: In exams examine the link between economic capacity and opportunity.
Correct answer: A. When one student received guidance for years and another did not even receive basic books
Explanation: Step 1: Preparation conditions come before results. Step 2: Lack of guidance and books makes opportunity unequal. Step 3: In exams examine background before result.
Correct answer: A. Because a neutral policy can have different effects in an unequal background
Explanation: Step 1: A neutral policy may look the same for all. Step 2: In unequal backgrounds its effects may differ. Step 3: In exams check both policy language and impact.
Correct answer: A. A vulnerable group has rights but cannot complain because of fear
Explanation: Step 1: Rights are effective only when they can be used safely. Step 2: Fear can block complaint and access to justice. Step 3: In exams connect security with substantive equality.
Correct answer: A. Because without decision power an affected group cannot present its needs
Explanation: Step 1: Equality is connected with voice along with resources. Step 2: Without decision power a group's needs may be ignored. Step 3: In exams connect power and participation with political equality.
Correct answer: A. Social justice demands that dignity rights and opportunities become available in practice
Explanation: Step 1: Social justice is a demand for a fair society. Step 2: It seeks to make dignity rights and opportunities real. Step 3: In exams treat social justice as the practical direction of equality.
Correct answer: A. A real access barrier before entry
Explanation: Step 1: Taking an exam is one part of opportunity. Step 2: Without safe travel to the centre using the opportunity becomes difficult. Step 3: In exams identify access barriers.
Correct answer: A. When discrimination inside the home affects public opportunities such as education and employment
Explanation: Step 1: Household behaviour may appear private. Step 2: But it can affect education and employment opportunities. Step 3: In exams examine the public effects of private discrimination.
Correct answer: A. When a group sits in a meeting but has no power to speak or change decisions
Explanation: Step 1: Presence is not full proof of equality. Step 2: Effective participation needs the ability to speak and influence decisions. Step 3: In exams write the difference between presence and influence.
Correct answer: A. Which group is affected by which barrier
Explanation: Step 1: Expert questions are often situation based. Step 2: Identifying the affected group and barrier clarifies the concept. Step 3: In exams check dignity rights opportunity and participation.
Correct answer: A. Rejecting hierarchy among humans based on work
Explanation: Step 1: Labour is necessary for society. Step 2: Humiliation based on work denies equal dignity. Step 3: In exams connect dignity of labour with social equality.
Correct answer: A. Social respect and political voice
Explanation: Step 1: Economic equality is important. Step 2: Social dignity and political participation are also essential dimensions of equality. Step 3: In exams write equality as multidimensional.
Correct answer: A. A socially disadvantaged community gets a school but no books or respectful treatment
Explanation: Step 1: Books are linked with resources. Step 2: Respectful behaviour is linked with identity and dignity. Step 3: In exams examine the combined effect of identity and resources.
Correct answer: B. Equal citizenship includes rights respect and participation in public decisions
Explanation: Step 1: Citizenship is not limited to having a registered name. Step 2: Rights respect and participation are parts of equal citizenship. Step 3: In exams connect citizenship with democratic equality.
Correct answer: A. Because dignity may remain insecure without protection of rights
Explanation: Step 1: Social respect is necessary. Step 2: Without legal protection the defence of rights may be weak. Step 3: In exams write both social respect and legal protection.
Correct answer: A. Past disadvantage can create barriers in present opportunities so corrective policy may be justified
Explanation: Step 1: Historical disadvantage can affect resources and confidence. Step 2: Present policy can try to reduce those effects. Step 3: In exams connect history with positive equality.
Correct answer: A. Every difference is not injustice but denying opportunity based on difference can be injustice
Explanation: Step 1: Difference is normal in society. Step 2: The problem begins when difference leads to humiliation or denial. Step 3: In exams keep difference and discrimination separate.
Correct answer: A. Does the policy make dignity rights opportunity and participation real
Explanation: Step 1: A policy name or language is not enough. Step 2: The real test is its actual impact. Step 3: In exams check dignity rights opportunity and participation.
Correct answer: B. Equality looks at dignity real access capability resources and participation together
Explanation: Step 1: Equality is a multidimensional idea. Step 2: It includes dignity access capability resources and participation. Step 3: In exams include all dimensions in a complete answer.
Correct answer: A. Whether the arrangement allows a person to use rights and opportunities with equal dignity
Explanation: Step 1: The final test of equality happens in real life. Step 2: Use of rights and opportunities with dignity is its main criterion. Step 3: In exams test every example on this basis.
