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SubjectsPolitical Science
समानता
Equality in Class 11 Political Science, within Part 2: Political Theory, explores the idea that all people deserve equal moral and political worth. Students examine equality before the law, equal rights and opportunities, and the difference between treating everyone identically and addressing unequal social conditions. The topic also considers social and economic inequalities, discrimination, and why affirmative measures may be needed to create fair participation and genuine equality in a democratic society.
Correct answer: A. Privilege gives benefit without fair basis while positive support reduces real disadvantage
Explanation: Step 1: Privilege is unfair advantage. Step 2: Positive support aims to reduce barriers and disadvantage. Step 3: In exams, look at the reason and impact of the benefit.
Correct answer: B. Whether the policy reduces real barriers and increases dignity and opportunity
Explanation: Step 1: Equality is not evaluated only by name or declaration. Step 2: The real question is whether the policy increases opportunity and dignity in practice. Step 3: In exams, always check the policy impact.
Correct answer: A. Ranking people by birth or work denies their equal dignity
Explanation: Step 1: Social hierarchy ranks people as higher and lower. Step 2: Equality accepts the equal dignity of every person. Step 3: In exams, treat birth-based hierarchy as social inequality.
Correct answer: B. Turning diversity into a basis of discrimination and humiliation
Explanation: Step 1: Equality does not oppose the existence of diversity. Step 2: It opposes humiliation and denial of opportunity based on diversity. Step 3: In exams, write the difference between diversity and discrimination.
Correct answer: A. Because healthcare affects life chances, education and the ability to work
Explanation: Step 1: Health affects a person's study, work and life. Step 2: Unequal access to healthcare also makes opportunities unequal. Step 3: In exams, connect health with substantive equality.
Correct answer: B. Girls' education receiving equal importance in family and community
Explanation: Step 1: The state can make laws and policies. Step 2: But family and community behaviour also affect opportunities. Step 3: In exams, link equality with both social attitudes and policy.
Correct answer: A. Because lack of resources can also limit the opportunities of the next generation
Explanation: Step 1: Inequality is not limited to one current person. Step 2: Lack of education, property and networks can affect the next generation too. Step 3: In exams, connect generational effects with opportunities.
Correct answer: A. Entry is open but inequality in preparation resources affects real opportunity
Explanation: Step 1: Permission to apply gives formal equality. Step 2: Costly training weakens preparation for poor students. Step 3: In exams, see the difference between open entry and real preparation.
Correct answer: A. In democracy, equality treats citizens as participants rather than merely ruled subjects
Explanation: Step 1: Democracy is based on citizens' participation. Step 2: Equality values every citizen's voice and dignity. Step 3: In exams, write democracy with equal citizenship and participation.
Correct answer: B. Because it reduces their real barrier and makes equal participation possible
Explanation: Step 1: Students with disabilities may have different needs. Step 2: Facilities help them actually use equal opportunities. Step 3: In exams, treat it as fair support, not privilege.
Correct answer: B. Dignity, confidence and opportunity will all be affected
Explanation: Step 1: Identity-based humiliation harms social dignity. Step 2: It can also affect confidence and use of opportunities. Step 3: In exams, see humiliation not only as emotion but as a social barrier.
Correct answer: C. Equality accepts difference but rejects injustice based on difference
Explanation: Step 1: Difference is normal in society. Step 2: Equality sees the problem not in difference but in injustice based on it. Step 3: In exams, separate difference from discrimination.
Correct answer: A. Stopping a community from taking water from a public well
Explanation: Step 1: Water is a basic need of life. Step 2: Blocking access to a public well is both denial of resource and social humiliation. Step 3: In exams, treat such examples as multidimensional inequality.
Correct answer: B. When one student has books, guidance and time but the other lacks these resources
Explanation: Step 1: Effort is important. Step 2: But when resources and environment differ greatly, results cannot be explained by effort alone. Step 3: In exams, examine opportunity background along with effort.
Correct answer: A. It challenges hierarchy created on the basis of work
Explanation: Step 1: Society sometimes creates hierarchy based on work. Step 2: Respect for labour accepts the equal dignity of the person. Step 3: In exams, write the link between labour and social equality.
Correct answer: B. Education increases thinking, confidence, understanding of rights and access to opportunities
Explanation: Step 1: Education is not limited to employment. Step 2: It increases understanding, confidence and ability to use rights. Step 3: In exams, connect education with equal opportunity and dignity.
Correct answer: A. It ignores the effect of economic barriers on real opportunities
Explanation: Step 1: Equality in law is necessary. Step 2: But poverty can limit access to education, health and justice. Step 3: In exams, examine legal and economic equality together.
Correct answer: B. In every example, one should ask whose dignity, opportunity or rights are being affected
Explanation: Step 1: Hard questions are often example-based. Step 2: It is important to identify the impact on dignity, opportunity and rights. Step 3: In exams, analyse each case through this frame.
Correct answer: A. Social justice may demand policies that correct unequal starting points
Explanation: Step 1: Social justice seeks a fair order. Step 2: Policies correcting unequal starting points increase equal opportunity. Step 3: In exams, link social justice with positive equality.
Correct answer: A. A girl wants to study but family stereotypes stop her from going to school
Explanation: Step 1: The girl's wish to study is linked with personal freedom. Step 2: Family stereotypes block her opportunity and create gender inequality. Step 3: In exams, identify the link between liberty and equality.
Correct answer: A. Because even after having rights, the ability and means to use them are necessary
Explanation: Step 1: Rights may exist in law. Step 2: But without education, information and resources, using them becomes difficult. Step 3: In exams, understand rights and capabilities together.
Correct answer: A. The distribution appears equal but its impact does not sufficiently strengthen equality
Explanation: Step 1: Declaration of equal benefit is not enough. Step 2: If the most disadvantaged group is not reached, substantive equality remains incomplete. Step 3: In exams, check reach and impact of policy.
Correct answer: B. Equality means ending the importance of effort and talent
Explanation: Step 1: Equality does not remove effort or talent. Step 2: It demands fair opportunities to develop effort and talent. Step 3: In exams, reject arguments that link equality with laziness.
Correct answer: B. When community members socially consider a person inferior because of occupation
Explanation: Step 1: Equality is not limited to state law. Step 2: Humiliation and hierarchy within society also create inequality. Step 3: In exams, include social behaviour in the discussion of equality.
Correct answer: B. Equality accepts differences while demanding justice in dignity, rights and real opportunities
Explanation: Step 1: Equality is a multidimensional idea. Step 2: It combines dignity, rights, opportunity and freedom from discrimination. Step 3: In exams, include these elements in a complete answer.
