Tropical cyclones

Correct answer: A. Strong winds and low pressure push seawater toward the coast

Explanation: Storm surge is an abnormal rise of sea level above the predicted astronomical tide, mainly caused by strong onshore winds and the low pressure of a severe cyclone. It can inundate coastal settlements, erode beaches, damage infrastructure, contaminate freshwater, and become even more destructive when it coincides with high tide and heavy rainfall.

Correct answer: B. It can push seawater inland along the coast

Explanation: Storm surge is an abnormal rise of sea level produced mainly by the strong onshore winds and very low pressure of a tropical cyclone. The raised water can be driven over beaches, wetlands, ports, and settlements, causing rapid coastal flooding, erosion, and damage to infrastructure. Therefore, option B correctly describes why it is dangerous.

Correct answer: A. Their centre has a relatively warm structure through the upper levels

Explanation: Tropical cyclones are warm-core systems because vigorous convection over warm ocean water releases latent heat when water vapour condenses. This heating warms the central atmospheric column relative to its surroundings through a substantial depth. The resulting temperature structure contributes to lower pressure and rising motion at the centre. Tropical cyclones can contain extensive condensation and rainfall; they are not polar systems and do not require snowfall.

Correct answer: D. Warm ocean water, abundant moisture, and organized rotation

Explanation: Tropical cyclone rainbands are organized convective structures that spiral around the storm’s centre. Warm ocean water supplies sensible and latent heat through evaporation, while abundant moisture supports deep convection and reduces the intrusion of dry air. A coherent rotating circulation helps arrange thunderstorms into curved bands. Strong vertical wind shear usually disrupts this organization, and cold water or dry air weakens convection. Therefore, option D is the best answer.