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What is the main chemical basis of karst landforms in limestone regions?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: Carbonation and solution

Direct answer: C, carbonation and solution. Karst forms where limestone is dissolved by water. Rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide from air and soil, forming weak carbonic acid. This acidic water enters cracks and reacts with calcium carbonate in limestone; the mineral dissolves and is carried away. Over time this makes caves, sinkholes and underground channels. A, hydration, means water joining a mineral and is not the main karst process. B, oxidation, mainly affects minerals such as iron. C is correct because carbonated water causes limestone solution. D, thermal expansion, is physical weathering caused by heating and cooling, not the characteristic chemical basis of karst. Memory cue: karst means limestone plus carbonated water and solution.

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KarstLimestoneCarbonationSolution

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