Biology
Respiration in Plants
पौधों में श्वसन
This Class 11 Biology chapter, Respiration in Plants, explains how plant cells release energy from food and convert it into ATP for growth, repair and other life processes. Students learn the stages of cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, along with the roles of mitochondria, oxygen and enzymes. The chapter also compares aerobic respiration with anaerobic respiration and fermentation, and relates respiration to gas exchange and factors affecting its rate.
1Cellular respiration
कोशिकीय श्वसन
In Class 11 Biology, this topic explains how plants release usable energy from glucose through cellular respiration, as part of the chapter “Respiration in Plants.” Students follow glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the oxidation of pyruvate and the citric acid cycle in mitochondria, and the electron transport chain that produces ATP. The topic also distinguishes aerobic respiration from anaerobic pathways and introduces the roles of oxygen, NADH, FADH₂, carbon dioxide, and energy transfer.
0 questionsGlycolysis
ग्लाइकोलाइसिस
In Class 11 Biology, this topic explains glycolysis as the first stage of respiration in plants. Students learn how one glucose molecule is broken down in the cytoplasm through a sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions to form two pyruvate molecules. The topic covers the energy-investment and energy-release phases, substrate-level phosphorylation, and the net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule. It also clarifies that glycolysis does not directly require oxygen and provides pyruvate for aerobic respiration or fermentation.
0 questionsFermentation
किण्वन
Fermentation is an anaerobic pathway studied in Class 11 Biology under Respiration in Plants. Students learn how glucose is first broken down into pyruvate through glycolysis, and how pyruvate is then converted without oxygen to products such as ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast or lactic acid in some organisms. The topic explains the limited ATP yield, the role of enzymes, and how fermentation differs from aerobic respiration, while connecting the process with applications such as bread making, beverages, and food production.
0 questionsKrebs cycle
क्रेब्स चक्र (सिट्रिक अम्ल चक्र)
In this Class 11 Biology topic from “Respiration in Plants,” students learn how the Krebs cycle completes the aerobic breakdown of pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix. The topic explains the formation of acetyl-CoA, its combination with oxaloacetate, and the cyclic sequence of reactions that releases carbon dioxide and produces ATP or GTP, NADH, and FADH₂. It also connects these reduced coenzymes with the electron transport chain and shows why the cycle is important in cellular respiration and energy metabolism.
0 questionsElectron Transport System
इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र
In Class 11 Biology, the Electron Transport System is studied as the final stage of respiration in plants. Students learn how electrons from NADH and FADH₂ move through carrier proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane, releasing energy to pump protons and create an electrochemical gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to produce ATP through chemiosmosis, while oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor and combines with hydrogen to form water. The topic connects electron transfer with oxidative phosphorylation and cellular energy supply.
0 questionsAmphibolic pathways
उभयपाचयी मार्ग
Amphibolic pathways in Class 11 Biology explain how respiration in plants connects energy release with the formation and breakdown of biomolecules. In the chapter “Respiration in Plants,” students learn that intermediates of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle can help synthesise fats, amino acids and other compounds, while fats and proteins may enter respiratory pathways after conversion into suitable molecules. The topic shows why respiration is both catabolic and anabolic, and how plant metabolism responds to cellular needs.
0 questions