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Which substance is considered useful for reducing permanent hardness of water?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: Washing soda

Permanent hardness is caused mainly by dissolved calcium and magnesium sulphates or chlorides, which do not disappear on boiling. Washing soda, Na₂CO₃, supplies carbonate ions that precipitate these ions as insoluble calcium or magnesium carbonates. Removing them softens the water. Vinegar, lemon juice, and hydrochloric acid add acidity rather than removing hardness, so option A is correct.

Related tags

Washing SodaPermanent HardnessWater SofteningAcidsBasesAnd SaltsAcids Bases And SaltsChemical Substances – Nature And BehaviourChemical Substances Nature And BehaviourScience

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