How did machine production change labour relations in the Industrial Revolution?

Correct answer: Factory discipline and wage labour expanded

The direct answer is C: factory discipline and wage labour expanded. Before industrialization, much production took place in homes or small workshops, where workers often controlled their time and tools more directly. Machines brought production into factories. Step by step: machines required buildings, power, supervision, and regular schedules; workers therefore had to follow factory rules and fixed hours; many no longer owned the tools or materials and instead sold their labour for wages. This created and enlarged an industrial working class and encouraged urbanization. Option C is correct because it identifies the main change in labour relations. A is wrong because cottage production did not remain dominant in the leading industrial sectors, even though it continued in some places. B is wrong because workers were generally wage earners, not landlords. D is unrelated: religious reform was not the direct labour change caused by machines. Memory cue: machines plus factories means discipline plus wage labour.