Important Revolts and Movements

Giving up titles was moral non-cooperation with colonial authority. Link it with the non-violent strategy of the movement.

Direct answer: Option B is correct. Khadi in the Non-Cooperation Movement represented economic self-reliance, rejection of imported cloth, and participation in the national struggle. The reasoning is: British manufactured cloth entered Indian markets and weakened local spinning and weaving; wearing and producing khadi encouraged Indian labour and village industries; refusing foreign cloth made boycott a daily, visible action. Option B works because it combines swadeshi-style self-reliance with the boycott of foreign cloth. Option A is wrong because naval expansion was not the purpose of khadi. Option C is wrong because forced indigo cultivation was an agrarian issue and has no direct meaning in the khadi programme. Option D is wrong because temple management was not the wider national objective symbolised by spinning and wearing khadi. The charkha made ordinary people participants rather than spectators. Memory cue: khadi means self-reliance, charkha, and foreign-cloth boycott.

After the violence at Chauri Chaura Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement. It revealed the challenge of non-violent discipline.

The Rowlatt Act was linked with harsh control over civil liberties. Remember it in the background of Jallianwala Bagh.

Rabindranath Tagore returned his knighthood in protest against Jallianwala Bagh. Remember it as an example of moral protest.

Both movements connected people with politics on a large scale. Link them with the mass movement of 1920.

The direct answer is C: choosing salt turned an everyday issue into national resistance. Salt was essential for cooking and was used by rich and poor, rural and urban people. The colonial government’s salt laws and tax made a basic necessity subject to state control, so opposition to salt restrictions could involve many sections of society. The reasoning is: choose a common need; show how colonial rule affects daily life; use peaceful civil disobedience; bring ordinary people into a national movement. Option C is correct and is illustrated by Gandhi’s 1930 Dandi March, in which he and followers challenged the salt law. Option A is wrong because the Civil Disobedience Movement was not only a military revolt; it relied on non-violent refusal of unjust laws. Option B is wrong because it was not merely a court or royal compromise. Option D is wrong because support for indigo cultivation was a different issue and does not explain the choice of salt. Memory cue: common necessity plus unjust law can create mass mobilisation.

Direct answer: Option D is correct. The Dharasana Satyagraha was an important non-violent action connected with the Civil Disobedience and Salt Satyagraha. After Gandhi’s arrest, volunteers led by figures including Sarojini Naidu and Abbas Tyabji attempted to approach the Dharasana Salt Works without using violence. Reports of disciplined volunteers facing police force drew international attention and showed the moral and political power of non-violent resistance. Option D works because Dharasana carried the Salt Satyagraha forward rather than starting an unrelated movement. Option A is wrong: it did not start indigo cultivation. Option B is wrong: it was not about changing naval discipline. Option C is wrong: it did not partition Bengal; that was a separate colonial decision. Non-violence here means refusing to attack while still openly challenging an unjust salt law. Memory cue: Dharasana is a salt-work protest remembered for disciplined non-violence.

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was called Frontier Gandhi. Khudai Khidmatgar is also known as the Red Shirt Movement.

Vinoba Bhave was the first individual satyagrahi. Link it with opposition to wartime British policy.

The direct answer is option C: underground radio spread messages amid colonial censorship. In 1942, the Quit India Movement challenged British rule. The British arrested many national leaders and controlled newspapers, so ordinary public communication became difficult. Usha Mehta and her associates operated a secret radio service, commonly known as the Congress Radio. It broadcast news, patriotic messages and information about the movement, helping people remain connected and encouraging resistance. Option A, securing temple entry, refers to struggles against social and religious exclusion, not the main purpose of this radio. Option B, enforcing indigo cultivation, concerns colonial agricultural exploitation and earlier peasant resistance. Option D, recruiting sailors, is unrelated to the communication role of the radio. Therefore C is correct because the radio defeated censorship and carried the movement’s message. Memory cue: underground radio means secret communication during the 1942 movement.

Chittu Pandey was linked with the parallel government of Ballia. Remember it with the local impact of the Quit India Movement.

The direct answer is A: the Satara Prati Sarkar was a local parallel authority that arose during the Quit India movement, especially in Maharashtra. ‘Prati Sarkar’ means a counter-government or parallel government. After the 1942 movement, activists challenged colonial administration in parts of Satara and organised local justice, relief, communication, and resistance. Nana Patil is strongly associated with this movement. Option A is correct because it identifies both the time and the political nature of the organisation. B is wrong because the Indigo Revolt concerned indigo cultivators and was not the Satara movement. C is wrong because gurdwara reform relates to the Akali movement and Sikh religious institutions. D is wrong because a military cantonment is an army station, not a popular parallel administration. Memory cue: Satara, 1942, Nana Patil, parallel government.

Direct answer: Option A is correct. The Ghadar Movement depended heavily on Indians living abroad because those communities created communication, fundraising, publishing, and recruitment networks beyond the immediate control of the colonial government. The reasoning is: migrants in North America and elsewhere faced racial discrimination and remained connected to India; revolutionary activists used newspapers such as Ghadar and overseas meetings to spread the call for armed opposition; people and resources were then directed toward anti-colonial action. Option A works because the overseas network was central to the movement’s organisation and reach. Option B is wrong because temple entry was a different social-reform issue. Option C is wrong because the Dandi March belonged to Gandhi’s Salt Satyagraha, not the Ghadar Movement. Option D is wrong because the Indigo Commission concerned indigo cultivation and was not the Ghadar organisation. Lala Har Dayal is a useful associated name, though the movement involved many activists. Memory cue: Ghadar means overseas Indian revolutionary networks against colonial rule.

The Komagata Maru incident was linked with discrimination against Indian migrants. It strengthened anti-colonial sentiment.

The Berlin Committee was linked with seeking foreign support for independence during the First World War. Place it under international revolutionary activity.

The provisional government in Kabul was linked with attempts to gain foreign support for independence. Link it with international revolutionary politics.

The Kakori action was linked with the Hindustan Republican Association. Understand it as a strategy to raise resources for revolutionary work.

The name change showed the growing influence of socialist ideas in the revolutionary movement. Link it with Bhagat Singh's ideological direction.

Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt aimed at symbolic protest and spreading a message. Link it with revolutionary propaganda.

Surya Sen's plan aimed to challenge colonial arms and communication structures. Link it with organized revolutionary action.

The slogan Dilli Chalo symbolized a military campaign for freedom. Link it with Subhas Chandra Bose and the INA.

The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was an important example of women's participation in the INA. Remember it with Lakshmi Sahgal.

Praja Mandal movements raised demands for people's rights in princely states. Study them as popular struggles in princely states.

The Madras Labour Union was linked with India's early organized labour movements. Connect it with industrial working-class awareness.