Important Revolts and Movements

Jallianwala Bagh created deep distrust of British rule. Tagore returning his knighthood symbolized this.

The combination of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation gave the national movement a mass character. Link it with politics of 1920.

The direct answer is A: making an everyday item the centre of political resistance. Salt was used by every household, rich or poor, and the colonial government taxed and controlled it. Gandhi therefore chose salt as a simple but powerful symbol for Civil Disobedience. In the Dandi March, he and his followers openly broke the salt law, showing that ordinary people could challenge an unjust rule through non-violent action. A is correct because a daily necessity connected the movement with the whole population. B is wrong because naval training was not the purpose of the action. C is wrong because forcing indigo cultivation belonged to a different agrarian issue. D is wrong because protecting gurdwara mahants was not the salt-law strategy. Memory cue: salt was small in price but enormous in political reach—every person needed it, so everyone could understand the protest.

Dharasana was a non-violent extension of the Salt Movement. Reports of repression damaged the image of British rule.

The Gandhi–Irwin Pact of 1931 showed that the Indian national movement had become strong enough to compel the colonial government to negotiate with its leaders. Mahatma Gandhi signed the agreement with Lord Irwin after the Civil Disobedience Movement had created wide political pressure. The pact did not mean that independence had been achieved, but it temporarily suspended the movement and opened a formal channel for discussion. Gandhi agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference in London, making political negotiation an important result of the agreement.

Option A is correct because a mass movement was brought to the level of direct talks with the colonial government. The agreement included the release of many political prisoners and permission for peaceful picketing, while Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement for a time. The Indigo Commission was related to indigo cultivation grievances, the naval mutiny occurred much later in 1946, and gurdwara reform was a separate movement. Therefore, the supplied answer A accurately explains the pact’s political significance.

The slogan “Do or Die” expressed a firm decision to achieve India’s freedom without further delay. It did not mean that people should act violently or literally seek death. Its deeper message was that Indians should make their strongest possible effort for independence and remain committed even in the face of arrest, repression, or personal danger. Mahatma Gandhi gave this call during the Quit India Movement in 1942.

The movement demanded an end to British rule and encouraged ordinary people to participate in a united national struggle. Therefore, option A is correct because it describes a decisive mass commitment to complete independence. The other choices concern indigo cultivation, naval wages, or a gurdwara tax, none of which explains the purpose of the 1942 national movement or the meaning of its slogan.

After leaders were arrested underground networks and radio became important. Remember Usha Mehta in this context.

Parallel governments like Ballia Satara and Tamluk were attempts at local self-rule. Link them with Quit India Movement.

The Congress Socialist Party gave space to socialist ideological debate in the national movement. Link it with youth politics.

Forward Bloc signalled Subhas Chandra Bose's independent political direction. Link it with ideological differences in Congress.

The Ghadar newspaper spread revolutionary awareness among Indians abroad. Link it with expatriate nationalism.

The Komagata Maru incident was linked with discrimination against Indian migrants. It strengthened anti-colonial feeling.

Both efforts tried to seek foreign support for India's freedom. Study them under international revolutionary politics.

The Kakori action was linked with the Hindustan Republican Association's plan to raise funds. Place it under revolutionary nationalism.

Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt accepted arrest to spread their message. Link it with revolutionary propaganda strategy.

The martyrdom of Bhagat Singh and associates increased national consciousness among youth. Link it with revolutionary nationalism.

Surya Sen planned to challenge arms and communication systems. Remember him as Masterda with Chittagong.

Both names show women's participation in Chittagong revolutionary activities. Link them with Surya Sen's group.

The direct answer is A: “Dilli Chalo” expressed the goal of moving toward India’s capital as part of a military liberation campaign. The Indian National Army, associated especially with Subhas Chandra Bose, wanted to fight British rule and help free India. Delhi represented the centre of colonial power and government, so the slogan was more than a direction on a map. It gave soldiers and supporters a clear political and military objective: advance into India and challenge British authority. Option A is correct because it captures this symbolic and strategic meaning. Option B is wrong because indigo cultivation concerned colonial agriculture and was not the purpose of the INA slogan. Option C is wrong because naval food reform has no connection with the slogan or the INA’s liberation objective. Option D is wrong because control of gurdwaras was a religious and institutional issue, not the message of “Dilli Chalo.” The slogan also helped create courage, unity and urgency among supporters. It should be connected with Bose, the INA and armed resistance to colonial rule. Memory cue: “Dilli Chalo” means march to the capital for freedom, not an agricultural or administrative programme.

The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was linked with Lakshmi Sahgal's leadership. Treat it as an example of women's military participation.

The INA trials increased public sympathy for freedom and soldiers. Link them with the final phase of independence.

The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny spread beyond Bombay to other naval centres. Study it as a wider sign of colonial military discontent.

The naval mutiny received support from public and workers in many places. Link it with weakening British control before independence.

Comparative study helps distinguish peasant tribal labour and national movements. In exams write region leader and cause together.

Regional leaders turned local discontent into organized resistance. In exams remember leader region and issue together.