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A. Nutrient requirement को selection में उपयोग करना/Using nutrient requirement in selection
Step 1
Concept
An auxotrophic host does not grow without a nutrient. A marker can restore growth ability.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Nutrient requirement को selection में उपयोग करना / Using nutrient requirement in selection. An auxotrophic host does not grow without a nutrient. A marker can restore growth ability.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Auxotrophic host किसी nutrient के बिना grow नहीं करता। Marker growth ability restore कर सकता है।
A. Outside environment में survival कम हो सकता है/Survival outside environment may decrease
Step 1
Concept
Auxotrophic strains can depend on special nutrients. This can reduce uncontrolled survival.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Outside environment में survival कम हो सकता है / Survival outside environment may decrease. Auxotrophic strains can depend on special nutrients. This can reduce uncontrolled survival.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Auxotrophic strains special nutrients पर depend कर सकते हैं। इससे uncontrolled survival कम हो सकती है।
A. Outside environment में survival कम हो सकता है/Survival in outside environment may be reduced
Step 1
Concept
Auxotrophic strains can depend on special nutrients. This can reduce uncontrolled survival.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Outside environment में survival कम हो सकता है / Survival in outside environment may be reduced. Auxotrophic strains can depend on special nutrients. This can reduce uncontrolled survival.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Auxotrophic strains special nutrients पर depend कर सकते हैं। इससे uncontrolled survival कम हो सकती है।
A. Resistance spread concern कम करने के लिए/To reduce resistance spread concern
Step 1
Concept
In some systems antibiotic-free selection can be a better biosafety option. Marker choice depends on experiment and rules.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Resistance spread concern कम करने के लिए / To reduce resistance spread concern. In some systems antibiotic-free selection can be a better biosafety option. Marker choice depends on experiment and rules.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कुछ systems में antibiotic-free selection बेहतर biosafety option हो सकता है। Marker choice experiment और rules पर निर्भर है।
A. Nutritional marker या drug resistance marker/Nutritional marker or drug resistance marker
Step 1
Concept
Yeast can use auxotrophic or drug resistance markers. The marker depends on host genotype.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Nutritional marker या drug resistance marker / Nutritional marker or drug resistance marker. Yeast can use auxotrophic or drug resistance markers. The marker depends on host genotype.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Yeast में auxotrophic या drug resistance markers use हो सकते हैं। Marker host genotype पर निर्भर करता है।
A. marker को damage होने से बचाने के लिए/To avoid damaging the marker
Step 1
Concept
A selectable marker helps identify transformants. Cutting it can cause selection failure.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. marker को damage होने से बचाने के लिए / To avoid damaging the marker. A selectable marker helps identify transformants. Cutting it can cause selection failure.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Selectable marker transformants की पहचान में मदद करता है। उसे काटने से selection fail हो सकती है।
A. MCS insert cloning में और marker selection में मदद करता है/MCS helps insert cloning and marker helps selection
Step 1
Concept
MCS provides a place for insert insertion and marker selects transformants. Both are useful in vector design.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. MCS insert cloning में और marker selection में मदद करता है / MCS helps insert cloning and marker helps selection. MCS provides a place for insert insertion and marker selects transformants. Both are useful in vector design.
Step 3
Exam Tip
MCS insert insertion की जगह देता है और marker transformants चुनता है। दोनों vector design में useful हैं।
A. Host tissue और culture condition/Host tissue and culture condition
Step 1
Concept
A plant selection marker system should match tissue culture conditions. Only then transformed cells can be selected.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Host tissue और culture condition / Host tissue and culture condition. A plant selection marker system should match tissue culture conditions. Only then transformed cells can be selected.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Plant selection marker system tissue culture conditions से match होना चाहिए। तभी transformed cells चुनी जा सकती हैं।
A. Nutrient requirement को restore करना/Restoring a nutrient requirement
Step 1
Concept
Auxotrophic yeast does not grow without a nutrient. A marker can restore that growth ability.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Nutrient requirement को restore करना / Restoring a nutrient requirement. Auxotrophic yeast does not grow without a nutrient. A marker can restore that growth ability.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Auxotrophic yeast किसी nutrient के बिना grow नहीं करता। Marker उस growth ability को restore कर सकता है।
A. Reporter signal देता है और marker selection देता है/Reporter gives signal and marker gives selection
Step 1
Concept
A reporter can give visible signal while a selectable marker gives growth selection. Both have different roles in screening strategy.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Reporter signal देता है और marker selection देता है / Reporter gives signal and marker gives selection. A reporter can give visible signal while a selectable marker gives growth selection. Both have different roles in screening strategy.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Reporter visible signal दे सकता है जबकि selectable marker growth selection देता है। दोनों screening strategy में अलग roles रखते हैं।
A. Selection सही तरह काम नहीं करेगी/Selection will not work properly
Step 1
Concept
The marker must express in the host so transformed cells can be selected. Marker compatibility is important in exams.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Selection सही तरह काम नहीं करेगी / Selection will not work properly. The marker must express in the host so transformed cells can be selected. Marker compatibility is important in exams.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Marker को host में express होना चाहिए ताकि transformed cells चुनी जा सकें। Marker compatibility exam में important है।
A. Transformants पहचानना कठिन होगा/Identifying transformants will be difficult
Step 1
Concept
A selectable marker helps identify transformed cells. Without a marker selection is not clear.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Transformants पहचानना कठिन होगा / Identifying transformants will be difficult. A selectable marker helps identify transformed cells. Without a marker selection is not clear.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Selectable marker transformed cells को पहचानने में मदद करता है। Marker न हो तो selection clear नहीं होती।
A. Selection काम करने के लिए/For selection to work
Step 1
Concept
The marker should express in the host and match the selection condition. Only then transformants are selected.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Selection काम करने के लिए / For selection to work. The marker should express in the host and match the selection condition. Only then transformants are selected.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Marker host में express होना चाहिए और selection condition से match होना चाहिए। तभी transformants चुने जाते हैं।
A. Transformed plant cells select करने के लिए/To select transformed plant cells
Step 1
Concept
In plant transformation the selection marker is chosen according to host and culture condition. Herbicide resistance can also help selection.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Transformed plant cells select करने के लिए / To select transformed plant cells. In plant transformation the selection marker is chosen according to host and culture condition. Herbicide resistance can also help selection.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Plant transformation में selection marker host और culture condition के अनुसार चुना जाता है। Herbicide resistance भी selection में मदद कर सकता है।
A. Marker expression और selection काम करने के लिए/For marker expression and selection to work
Step 1
Concept
The marker should express in the host and match the selection condition. Only then transformants are selected.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Marker expression और selection काम करने के लिए / For marker expression and selection to work. The marker should express in the host and match the selection condition. Only then transformants are selected.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Marker host में express होना चाहिए और selection condition से match होना चाहिए। तभी transformants चुने जाते हैं।
A. Transformed plant cells चुनने के लिए/To select transformed plant cells
Step 1
Concept
In plant transformation a marker helps select transformed cells. A regeneration step may follow.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Transformed plant cells चुनने के लिए / To select transformed plant cells. In plant transformation a marker helps select transformed cells. A regeneration step may follow.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Plant transformation में marker transformed cells को select करने में मदद करता है। इसके बाद regeneration step हो सकता है।
Kanamycin resistance marker gives selection on kanamycin medium. Wrong antibiotic can fail selection.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. Kanamycin-containing medium. Kanamycin resistance marker gives selection on kanamycin medium. Wrong antibiotic can fail selection.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Kanamycin resistance marker kanamycin medium पर selection देता है। गलत antibiotic selection को fail कर सकता है।
An ampicillin resistance marker lets cells grow on ampicillin plates. Matching marker and antibiotic is necessary.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. Ampicillin plate. An ampicillin resistance marker lets cells grow on ampicillin plates. Matching marker and antibiotic is necessary.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ampicillin resistance marker cells को ampicillin plate पर grow करने देता है। Marker और antibiotic का match जरूरी है।
B. Transfected cells चुनने के लिए/To select transfected cells
Step 1
Concept
In animal cell transfection a marker helps select cells that received the vector. The selection principle remains similar.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. Transfected cells चुनने के लिए / To select transfected cells. In animal cell transfection a marker helps select cells that received the vector. The selection principle remains similar.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Animal cell transfection में marker उन cells को चुनने में मदद करता है जिनमें vector गया है। Selection principle समान रहता है।
A. रूपांतरित कोशिकाएँ चुनने के लिए/To select transformed cells
Step 1
Concept
A selectable marker helps identify cells that received the vector. Antibiotic resistance is a common example.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. रूपांतरित कोशिकाएँ चुनने के लिए / To select transformed cells. A selectable marker helps identify cells that received the vector. Antibiotic resistance is a common example.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Selectable marker उन कोशिकाओं को पहचानने में मदद करता है जिनमें vector गया है। एंटीबायोटिक प्रतिरोध इसका सामान्य उदाहरण है।
Marker disruption can be the basis of insertional inactivation. It helps identify recombinant clones.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Recombinant पहचान / Recombinant identification. Marker disruption can be the basis of insertional inactivation. It helps identify recombinant clones.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Marker disruption insertional inactivation का आधार हो सकता है। इससे recombinant clones पहचानने में मदद मिलती है।
A. Marker gene inactive हो सकता है/Marker gene can become inactive
Step 1
Concept
An insert can disrupt a marker gene. This is called insertional inactivation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Marker gene inactive हो सकता है / Marker gene can become inactive. An insert can disrupt a marker gene. This is called insertional inactivation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Insert marker gene को disrupt कर सकता है। इसे insertional inactivation कहा जाता है।
A. Transformed कोशिकाएँ चुनना कठिन होगा/Selecting transformed cells will be difficult
Step 1
Concept
Ori helps replication but a marker is needed for selection. Without a marker transformed cells are difficult to identify.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Transformed कोशिकाएँ चुनना कठिन होगा / Selecting transformed cells will be difficult. Ori helps replication but a marker is needed for selection. Without a marker transformed cells are difficult to identify.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ori replication में मदद करता है लेकिन marker selection के लिए चाहिए। Marker न होने पर transformed cells पहचानना कठिन है।
An antibiotic resistance gene allows bacteria to grow on the related antibiotic. This selects transformed cells.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Antibiotic resistance gene. An antibiotic resistance gene allows bacteria to grow on the related antibiotic. This selects transformed cells.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Antibiotic resistance gene bacteria को संबंधित antibiotic पर बढ़ने देता है। इससे transformed cells select होती हैं।
A. DNA fragment को directly cut करना/Directly cutting DNA fragment
Step 1
Concept
A selectable marker does not cut DNA. DNA cutting is the job of restriction enzymes.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA fragment को directly cut करना / Directly cutting DNA fragment. A selectable marker does not cut DNA. DNA cutting is the job of restriction enzymes.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Selectable marker DNA को cut नहीं करता। DNA cutting restriction enzyme का काम है।
A. Replication selection और insertion के लिए/For replication selection and insertion
Step 1
Concept
Ori helps replication marker helps selection and MCS helps insertion. These are core features of a cloning vector.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Replication selection और insertion के लिए / For replication selection and insertion. Ori helps replication marker helps selection and MCS helps insertion. These are core features of a cloning vector.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ori replication marker selection और MCS insertion में मदद करते हैं। ये cloning vector की core features हैं।
A. Transformed cells को चुनना कठिन होगा/Selecting transformed cells will be difficult
Step 1
Concept
Ori helps in replication but marker is needed for selection. Without marker identifying transformed cells is difficult.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Transformed cells को चुनना कठिन होगा / Selecting transformed cells will be difficult. Ori helps in replication but marker is needed for selection. Without marker identifying transformed cells is difficult.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ori replication में मदद करता है लेकिन marker selection के लिए चाहिए। Marker न होने पर transformed cells पहचानना कठिन है।
An antibiotic resistance marker helps select transformed cells on antibiotic-containing medium. This is a direct example of selection.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Antibiotic-containing medium. An antibiotic resistance marker helps select transformed cells on antibiotic-containing medium. This is a direct example of selection.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Antibiotic resistance marker antibiotic-containing medium पर transformed cells select करने में मदद करता है। यह selection का direct example है।
A. कौन सी कोशिका ने vector लिया है यह पहचानना/Identifying which cell has taken the vector
Step 1
Concept
A selectable marker helps identify transformed cells. It makes selection easier in cloning experiments.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कौन सी कोशिका ने vector लिया है यह पहचानना / Identifying which cell has taken the vector. A selectable marker helps identify transformed cells. It makes selection easier in cloning experiments.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Selectable marker transformed cells को पहचानने में मदद करता है। यह cloning experiment में selection आसान करता है।
A. Selection या screening के लिए/For selection or screening
Step 1
Concept
A marker gene helps identify transformed or recombinant cells. It makes a cloning experiment practical.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Selection या screening के लिए / For selection or screening. A marker gene helps identify transformed or recombinant cells. It makes a cloning experiment practical.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Marker gene transformed या recombinant cells की पहचान में मदद करता है। यह cloning experiment को practical बनाता है।
A. Antibiotic medium पर transformed cells चुनने के लिए/To select transformed cells on antibiotic medium
Step 1
Concept
Cells with a resistance marker can grow on the related antibiotic. This allows selection of transformed cells.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Antibiotic medium पर transformed cells चुनने के लिए / To select transformed cells on antibiotic medium. Cells with a resistance marker can grow on the related antibiotic. This allows selection of transformed cells.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Resistance marker वाली कोशिकाएँ संबंधित antibiotic पर बढ़ सकती हैं। इससे transformed cells चुनी जाती हैं।
A. सही transformed cells पहचानना कठिन होगा/It will be difficult to identify transformed cells
Step 1
Concept
A selectable marker helps distinguish transformed and non-transformed cells. Without it selection becomes difficult.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सही transformed cells पहचानना कठिन होगा / It will be difficult to identify transformed cells. A selectable marker helps distinguish transformed and non-transformed cells. Without it selection becomes difficult.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Selectable marker transformed और non-transformed कोशिकाओं में अंतर करने में मदद करता है। इसके बिना selection कठिन हो जाता है।
A. सही रूपांतरित कोशिकाओं की पहचान के लिए/To identify transformed cells
Step 1
Concept
A selectable marker helps identify cells that have received the vector. Remember it as a selection tool.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सही रूपांतरित कोशिकाओं की पहचान के लिए / To identify transformed cells. A selectable marker helps identify cells that have received the vector. Remember it as a selection tool.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Selectable marker उन कोशिकाओं को पहचानने में मदद करता है जिनमें वेक्टर प्रवेश कर चुका है। परीक्षा में इसे selection tool याद रखें।
A. Resistance gene spread रोकना जरूरी है/Spread of resistance gene must be prevented
Step 1
Concept
Resistance markers should be handled with containment. Waste disposal should also be safe.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Resistance gene spread रोकना जरूरी है / Spread of resistance gene must be prevented. Resistance markers should be handled with containment. Waste disposal should also be safe.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Resistance markers को containment के साथ handle करना चाहिए। Waste disposal भी safe होना चाहिए।
A. Resistance gene spread रोकना जरूरी है/Spread of resistance gene must be prevented
Step 1
Concept
Antibiotic resistance markers should be handled with containment. Biosafety rules manage this risk.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Resistance gene spread रोकना जरूरी है / Spread of resistance gene must be prevented. Antibiotic resistance markers should be handled with containment. Biosafety rules manage this risk.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Antibiotic resistance markers को containment के साथ handle करना चाहिए। Biosafety rules इस risk को manage करते हैं।
B. Vector copies बनना कठिन होगा/Vector copy formation will be difficult
Step 1
Concept
Ori is required for vector replication. Without it vector copies will not be made.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. Vector copies बनना कठिन होगा / Vector copy formation will be difficult. Ori is required for vector replication. Without it vector copies will not be made.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ori vector replication के लिए जरूरी है। इसके बिना vector की copies नहीं बन पाएँगी।
C. वेक्टर लेने वाली कोशिकाओं को पहचानना/Identifying cells that received the vector
Step 1
Concept
A selectable marker helps identify transformed cells. Antibiotic resistance is a common example.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. वेक्टर लेने वाली कोशिकाओं को पहचानना / Identifying cells that received the vector. A selectable marker helps identify transformed cells. Antibiotic resistance is a common example.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सेलेक्टेबल मार्कर transformed कोशिकाओं की पहचान में मदद करता है। एंटीबायोटिक प्रतिरोध इसका सामान्य उदाहरण है।
A. Vector की replication कठिन होगी/Vector replication will be difficult
Step 1
Concept
Ori is the start point of replication. Without ori vector copies cannot be made.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Vector की replication कठिन होगी / Vector replication will be difficult. Ori is the start point of replication. Without ori vector copies cannot be made.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ori replication का start point है। Ori न होने पर vector की copies नहीं बन पाएँगी।
An antibiotic resistance gene lets bacteria survive on the related antibiotic. This allows transformed cells to be selected.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Antibiotic resistance gene. An antibiotic resistance gene lets bacteria survive on the related antibiotic. This allows transformed cells to be selected.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Antibiotic resistance gene bacteria को संबंधित antibiotic पर survive करने देता है। इससे transformed cells selected हो सकती हैं।
A. सफल रूप से बदली हुई कोशिकाओं को पहचानना/To identify successfully modified cells
Step 1
Concept
A selectable marker helps select transformed cells. Antibiotic resistance gene is a common exam example.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सफल रूप से बदली हुई कोशिकाओं को पहचानना / To identify successfully modified cells. A selectable marker helps select transformed cells. Antibiotic resistance gene is a common exam example.
Step 3
Exam Tip
चयनयोग्य चिह्नक बदली हुई कोशिकाओं को चुनने में मदद करता है। परीक्षा में प्रतिजैविक प्रतिरोध जीन इसका सामान्य उदाहरण है।
A. परिवर्तित कोशिकाओं की पहचान कठिन होगी/Identifying transformed cells will be difficult
Step 1
Concept
A selectable marker helps identify successfully transformed cells. Without it, selection becomes difficult.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. परिवर्तित कोशिकाओं की पहचान कठिन होगी / Identifying transformed cells will be difficult. A selectable marker helps identify successfully transformed cells. Without it, selection becomes difficult.
Step 3
Exam Tip
चयन चिह्न सफल परिवर्तित कोशिकाओं को पहचानने में मदद करता है। उसके बिना चयन कठिन हो जाता है।
A. सफल रूपांतरित कोशिकाओं की पहचान के लिए/To identify successfully transformed cells
Step 1
Concept
A selectable marker shows which cell has taken the vector. Antibiotic resistance is a common exam example.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सफल रूपांतरित कोशिकाओं की पहचान के लिए / To identify successfully transformed cells. A selectable marker shows which cell has taken the vector. Antibiotic resistance is a common exam example.
Step 3
Exam Tip
चयन योग्य चिह्नक बताता है कि कौन सी कोशिका ने वेक्टर लिया है। परीक्षा में एंटीबायोटिक प्रतिरोध सामान्य उदाहरण है।
A. वह क्षेत्रीय समय संकेतक परत बन सकती है/It can act as a regional time-marker bed
Step 1
Concept
The same ash layer can correlate events at different places. Exam tip: understand correlation as time matching.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. वह क्षेत्रीय समय संकेतक परत बन सकती है / It can act as a regional time-marker bed. The same ash layer can correlate events at different places. Exam tip: understand correlation as time matching.
Step 3
Exam Tip
समान राख परत अलग स्थानों की घटनाओं को जोड़ सकती है। परीक्षा में सहसंबंध का अर्थ समय मिलान समझें।
A. विशिष्ट राख परतें दूरस्थ क्षेत्रों में समान समय संकेतक बन सकती हैं/Distinct ash layers can act as same-time markers in distant areas
Step 1
Concept
Identified ash layers can connect deposits from different places. Exam tip: understand the basic idea of tephrochronology.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. विशिष्ट राख परतें दूरस्थ क्षेत्रों में समान समय संकेतक बन सकती हैं / Distinct ash layers can act as same-time markers in distant areas. Identified ash layers can connect deposits from different places. Exam tip: understand the basic idea of tephrochronology.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पहचानी गई राख परतें विभिन्न स्थानों के निक्षेपों को जोड़ सकती हैं। परीक्षा में टेफ्रोक्रोनोलॉजी का मूल विचार समझें।
A. वे अलग अलग क्षेत्रों में समय संकेतक परतों की तरह काम कर सकती हैं/They can act as time-marker layers across different regions
Step 1
Concept
Distinct ash layers help correlate events in time. Exam tip: treat ash not only as a hazard but also as evidence.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. वे अलग अलग क्षेत्रों में समय संकेतक परतों की तरह काम कर सकती हैं / They can act as time-marker layers across different regions. Distinct ash layers help correlate events in time. Exam tip: treat ash not only as a hazard but also as evidence.
Step 3
Exam Tip
राख की विशिष्ट परतें घटनाओं का समय संबंध जोड़ने में सहायक होती हैं। परीक्षा में राख को केवल खतरा नहीं बल्कि प्रमाण भी मानें।
A. origin और marker जैसे जरूरी elements बचाने के लिए/To keep essential elements like origin and marker
Step 1
Concept
Vector backbone contains replication origin and selectable marker. Wrong cutting can damage vector function.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. origin और marker जैसे जरूरी elements बचाने के लिए / To keep essential elements like origin and marker. Vector backbone contains replication origin and selectable marker. Wrong cutting can damage vector function.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Vector backbone में replication origin और selectable marker होते हैं। गलत cutting vector function खराब कर सकती है।
C. मुख्य vector DNA जिसमें cloning elements होते हैं/Main vector DNA containing cloning elements
Step 1
Concept
The vector backbone contains elements like origin marker and cloning site. The insert is joined into it.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. मुख्य vector DNA जिसमें cloning elements होते हैं / Main vector DNA containing cloning elements. The vector backbone contains elements like origin marker and cloning site. The insert is joined into it.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Vector backbone में origin marker और cloning site जैसी elements होती हैं। Insert इसी में जोड़ा जाता है।
A. Selection medium पर growth न होना/No growth on selection medium
Step 1
Concept
With plasmid loss cells may lose the resistance marker. Growth on selection medium can be reduced or absent.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Selection medium पर growth न होना / No growth on selection medium. With plasmid loss cells may lose the resistance marker. Growth on selection medium can be reduced or absent.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Plasmid loss होने पर cells resistance marker खो सकती हैं। Selection medium पर growth कम या absent हो सकती है।
A. Ori marker insert sites और digest pattern समझने के लिए/To understand ori marker insert sites and digest pattern
Step 1
Concept
A plasmid map helps in cloning strategy and confirmation. It shows marker ori and restriction sites.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Ori marker insert sites और digest pattern समझने के लिए / To understand ori marker insert sites and digest pattern. A plasmid map helps in cloning strategy and confirmation. It shows marker ori and restriction sites.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Plasmid map cloning strategy और confirmation में मदद करता है। इसमें marker ori और restriction sites दिखते हैं।
An ampicillin resistance marker gives selection on an ampicillin plate. Remember marker and antibiotic match.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Ampicillin plate. An ampicillin resistance marker gives selection on an ampicillin plate. Remember marker and antibiotic match.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ampicillin resistance marker ampicillin plate पर selection देता है। Marker और antibiotic का match याद रखें।
A. Correct transformants miss हो सकते हैं/Correct transformants may be missed
Step 1
Concept
The marker and antibiotic should match. A wrong plate can make selection results wrong.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Correct transformants miss हो सकते हैं / Correct transformants may be missed. The marker and antibiotic should match. A wrong plate can make selection results wrong.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Marker और antibiotic match होना चाहिए। Wrong plate selection result को गलत बना सकती है।
A. Resistance marker express होने का समय देने के लिए/To give time for resistance marker expression
Step 1
Concept
Cells need time to make resistance protein. Immediate antibiotic exposure can reduce survival.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Resistance marker express होने का समय देने के लिए / To give time for resistance marker expression. Cells need time to make resistance protein. Immediate antibiotic exposure can reduce survival.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Cells को resistance protein बनाने का समय चाहिए। Immediate antibiotic exposure survival घटा सकता है।
A. कोशिका को marker express करने और stress से उबरने के लिए/To let the cell express marker and recover from stress
Step 1
Concept
Transformation treatment can stress cells. Recovery helps marker expression and survival.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कोशिका को marker express करने और stress से उबरने के लिए / To let the cell express marker and recover from stress. Transformation treatment can stress cells. Recovery helps marker expression and survival.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Transformation treatment cells को stress दे सकता है। Recovery marker expression और survival में मदद करती है।
A. एंटीबायोटिक plate पर colony growth/Colony growth on antibiotic plate
Step 1
Concept
Growth on an antibiotic plate gives an initial sign of a resistance marker. Separate screening is needed for insert confirmation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. एंटीबायोटिक plate पर colony growth / Colony growth on antibiotic plate. Growth on an antibiotic plate gives an initial sign of a resistance marker. Separate screening is needed for insert confirmation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Antibiotic plate पर growth resistance marker का शुरुआती संकेत देती है। Insert confirmation के लिए अलग screening चाहिए।
A. Vector host में replicate और express हो सके/Vector can replicate and express in host
Step 1
Concept
In host-vector compatibility elements like ori marker promoter work in the host. This is needed for success.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Vector host में replicate और express हो सके / Vector can replicate and express in host. In host-vector compatibility elements like ori marker promoter work in the host. This is needed for success.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Host-vector compatibility में ori marker promoter जैसे elements host में काम करते हैं। यह success के लिए जरूरी है।
A. Selectable marker based growth से/By selectable marker based growth
Step 1
Concept
A selectable marker lets transformed cells grow on selection medium. It gives initial identification.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Selectable marker based growth से / By selectable marker based growth. A selectable marker lets transformed cells grow on selection medium. It gives initial identification.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Selectable marker transformed cells को selection medium पर grow करने देता है। यह initial identification देता है।
A. Strain name plasmid marker और date/Strain name plasmid marker and date
Step 1
Concept
Clear labeling prevents sample mix-up. Strain plasmid marker and date help future tracking.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Strain name plasmid marker और date / Strain name plasmid marker and date. Clear labeling prevents sample mix-up. Strain plasmid marker and date help future tracking.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Clear labelling sample mix-up रोकती है। Strain plasmid marker और date future tracking में मदद करते हैं।
A. Strain plasmid marker और date/Strain plasmid marker and date
Step 1
Concept
Records maintain traceability. Strain plasmid marker and date help future tracking.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Strain plasmid marker और date / Strain plasmid marker and date. Records maintain traceability. Strain plasmid marker and date help future tracking.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Records traceability बनाए रखते हैं। Strain plasmid marker और date future tracking में मदद करते हैं।
A. Correct transformants select नहीं होंगे/Correct transformants may not be selected
Step 1
Concept
The antibiotic marker and plate antibiotic must match. Wrong antibiotic can make selection fail.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Correct transformants select नहीं होंगे / Correct transformants may not be selected. The antibiotic marker and plate antibiotic must match. Wrong antibiotic can make selection fail.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Antibiotic marker और plate antibiotic match होने चाहिए। गलत antibiotic से selection fail हो सकती है।
B. Cells को recovery और marker expression का समय चाहिए/Cells need time for recovery and marker expression
Step 1
Concept
Recovery time lets cells express the antibiotic resistance marker. This can increase survival on selection plates.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. Cells को recovery और marker expression का समय चाहिए / Cells need time for recovery and marker expression. Recovery time lets cells express the antibiotic resistance marker. This can increase survival on selection plates.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Recovery time cells को antibiotic resistance marker express करने देता है। इससे selection plate पर survival बढ़ सकता है।
C. Cells survive करें और marker express करें/Cells survive and express marker
Step 1
Concept
After transformation cells should recover and express resistance marker. Then they can grow on selection plates.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. Cells survive करें और marker express करें / Cells survive and express marker. After transformation cells should recover and express resistance marker. Then they can grow on selection plates.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Transformation के बाद cells को recover होना और resistance marker express करना चाहिए। तभी वे selection plate पर बढ़ेंगी।
D. Selectable marker based growth से/By selectable marker based growth
Step 1
Concept
Marker based growth gives an initial sign of transformed cells. Separate screening is needed for insert confirmation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. Selectable marker based growth से / By selectable marker based growth. Marker based growth gives an initial sign of transformed cells. Separate screening is needed for insert confirmation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Marker based growth transformed cells का प्रारंभिक संकेत देता है। Insert confirmation के लिए अलग screening चाहिए।
C. Vector host में replicate और maintain हो सके/Vector can replicate and be maintained in host
Step 1
Concept
The vector ori and marker should work in the host system. Compatibility is necessary for cloning success.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. Vector host में replicate और maintain हो सके / Vector can replicate and be maintained in host. The vector ori and marker should work in the host system. Compatibility is necessary for cloning success.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Vector का ori और marker host system में काम करना चाहिए। Compatibility cloning success के लिए जरूरी है।
A. कोशिकाओं को संभलने और marker express करने का समय देने के लिए/To let cells recover and express marker
Step 1
Concept
The recovery step lets cells recover from stress. This can improve survival on selection plates.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कोशिकाओं को संभलने और marker express करने का समय देने के लिए / To let cells recover and express marker. The recovery step lets cells recover from stress. This can improve survival on selection plates.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Recovery step कोशिकाओं को stress से उबरने देती है। इससे selection plate पर survival बेहतर हो सकता है।
C. उनमें resistance marker नहीं होता/They lack the resistance marker
Step 1
Concept
Non-transformed cells have not taken the plasmid so the marker is absent. Antibiotic stops their growth.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. उनमें resistance marker नहीं होता / They lack the resistance marker. Non-transformed cells have not taken the plasmid so the marker is absent. Antibiotic stops their growth.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Non-transformed cells ने plasmid नहीं लिया होता इसलिए marker absent रहता है। एंटीबायोटिक उनकी growth रोक देता है।
B. क्योंकि उनमें resistance marker वाला plasmid हो सकता है/Because they may have a plasmid with a resistance marker
Step 1
Concept
A resistance marker lets bacteria survive on the related antibiotic. This selects transformed cells.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. क्योंकि उनमें resistance marker वाला plasmid हो सकता है / Because they may have a plasmid with a resistance marker. A resistance marker lets bacteria survive on the related antibiotic. This selects transformed cells.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Resistance marker बैक्टीरिया को संबंधित एंटीबायोटिक पर जीवित रहने देता है। इससे transformed cells चुनी जाती हैं।
A. Vectors with ori marker and cloning site carry foreign DNA into host
Step 1
Concept
In final revision treat vector as a DNA carrier and ori marker cloning site as core features. This is an exam-safe summary.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Vectors with ori marker and cloning site carry foreign DNA into host. In final revision treat vector as a DNA carrier and ori marker cloning site as core features. This is an exam-safe summary.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Final revision में vector को DNA carrier और ori marker cloning site को core features मानें। यही exam-safe summary है।
A screening marker like lacZ can distinguish recombinants and non-recombinants. This speeds up identification.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Screening marker like lacZ. A screening marker like lacZ can distinguish recombinants and non-recombinants. This speeds up identification.
Step 3
Exam Tip
lacZ जैसा screening marker recombinants और non-recombinants में अंतर दिखा सकता है। इससे पहचान तेज होती है।
A. Marker वाले cells को चुनने में मदद/Helps select cells with marker
Step 1
Concept
Antibiotic allows only cells with resistance marker to grow. This enables selection.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Marker वाले cells को चुनने में मदद / Helps select cells with marker. Antibiotic allows only cells with resistance marker to grow. This enables selection.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Antibiotic केवल उन cells को बढ़ने देता है जिनमें resistance marker होता है। इससे selection संभव होती है।
A selection marker and selection condition help maintain vector-containing cells. This can reduce vector loss.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Selectable marker with selection. A selection marker and selection condition help maintain vector-containing cells. This can reduce vector loss.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Selection marker और selection condition vector-containing cells को बनाए रखने में मदद करते हैं। इससे vector loss घट सकता है।
A. ऐसी दशा जहाँ marker वाले cells बढ़ते हैं/A condition where marker-containing cells grow
Step 1
Concept
Antibiotic medium is an example of selection pressure. Cells with the resistance marker survive in it.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ऐसी दशा जहाँ marker वाले cells बढ़ते हैं / A condition where marker-containing cells grow. Antibiotic medium is an example of selection pressure. Cells with the resistance marker survive in it.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Antibiotic medium selection pressure का example है। इसमें resistance marker वाली cells survive करती हैं।
Ori is for replication marker is for selection and MCS is for insertion. Remember all three with functions.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Ori replication marker selection MCS insertion. Ori is for replication marker is for selection and MCS is for insertion. Remember all three with functions.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ori replication के लिए marker selection के लिए और MCS insertion के लिए है। इन तीनों को functions के साथ याद करें।
A. Ori और selectable marker/Ori and selectable marker
Step 1
Concept
Ori allows replication and marker helps selection. Both are useful in vector maintenance.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Ori और selectable marker / Ori and selectable marker. Ori allows replication and marker helps selection. Both are useful in vector maintenance.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ori replication कराता है और marker selection में मदद करता है। दोनों vector maintenance में उपयोगी हैं।
A selectable marker directly helps select transformed cells. Antibiotic resistance marker is a common example.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Selectable marker. A selectable marker directly helps select transformed cells. Antibiotic resistance marker is a common example.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Selectable marker transformed cells को select करने में direct मदद करता है। Antibiotic resistance marker इसका common example है।
A. उसमें marker हो सकता है लेकिन insert नहीं/It may have marker but no insert
Step 1
Concept
An empty vector can grow on antibiotic due to the marker. But screening is needed because it lacks the desired insert.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. उसमें marker हो सकता है लेकिन insert नहीं / It may have marker but no insert. An empty vector can grow on antibiotic due to the marker. But screening is needed because it lacks the desired insert.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Empty vector marker के कारण antibiotic पर बढ़ सकता है। लेकिन desired insert न होने से screening जरूरी है।
A. Resistance marker न होने से growth नहीं होगी/It will not grow because it lacks resistance marker
Step 1
Concept
A non-transformed cell lacks the resistance marker. Therefore it cannot grow on an antibiotic plate.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Resistance marker न होने से growth नहीं होगी / It will not grow because it lacks resistance marker. A non-transformed cell lacks the resistance marker. Therefore it cannot grow on an antibiotic plate.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Non-transformed cell में resistance marker नहीं होता। इसलिए antibiotic plate पर वह बढ़ नहीं सकती।
tetR is a selectable marker linked with tetracycline resistance. Remember it among pBR322 marker genes.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Antibiotic resistance marker. tetR is a selectable marker linked with tetracycline resistance. Remember it among pBR322 marker genes.
Step 3
Exam Tip
tetR tetracycline resistance से जुड़ा selectable marker है। इसे pBR322 के marker genes में याद रखें।
A. Vectors DNA carriers हैं जिनमें ori marker और cloning site होते हैं/Vectors are DNA carriers with ori marker and cloning site
Step 1
Concept
Cloning vectors are DNA carriers that help foreign DNA replicate in a host. Remember their core parts with functions.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Vectors DNA carriers हैं जिनमें ori marker और cloning site होते हैं / Vectors are DNA carriers with ori marker and cloning site. Cloning vectors are DNA carriers that help foreign DNA replicate in a host. Remember their core parts with functions.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Cloning vectors DNA carriers हैं जो foreign DNA को host में replicate करवाते हैं। उनके core parts को functions के साथ याद करें।
A. Ori selectable marker और cloning site/Ori selectable marker and cloning site
Step 1
Concept
Ori is for replication marker is for selection and cloning site is for insertion. These are basic parts of a vector.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Ori selectable marker और cloning site / Ori selectable marker and cloning site. Ori is for replication marker is for selection and cloning site is for insertion. These are basic parts of a vector.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ori replication के लिए marker selection के लिए और cloning site insertion के लिए होती है। ये vector के basic parts हैं।
A. Insert के कारण gene का काम बंद होना/Gene function stops due to insert
Step 1
Concept
An insert can enter a marker gene and stop its activity. This is called insertional inactivation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Insert के कारण gene का काम बंद होना / Gene function stops due to insert. An insert can enter a marker gene and stop its activity. This is called insertional inactivation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Insert किसी marker gene में घुसकर उसकी activity रोक सकता है। इसे insertional inactivation कहते हैं।
A. ओरी selectable marker और cloning site वाला डीएनए वाहक/DNA carrier with ori selectable marker and cloning site
Step 1
Concept
In exams treat a cloning vector as a DNA carrier with replication selection and insertion features. This is the concise answer.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ओरी selectable marker और cloning site वाला डीएनए वाहक / DNA carrier with ori selectable marker and cloning site. In exams treat a cloning vector as a DNA carrier with replication selection and insertion features. This is the concise answer.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Exam में cloning vector को DNA carrier मानें जिसमें replication selection और insertion features हों। यही concise answer है।
A. Clear selectable marker और useful cloning site/Clear selectable marker and useful cloning site
Step 1
Concept
A clear marker helps selection and a useful cloning site helps insertion. These can increase vector efficiency.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Clear selectable marker और useful cloning site / Clear selectable marker and useful cloning site. A clear marker helps selection and a useful cloning site helps insertion. These can increase vector efficiency.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Clear marker selection में और useful cloning site insertion में मदद करती है। ये vector efficiency बढ़ा सकते हैं।
A. Cloning vector with ori marker and cloning site
Step 1
Concept
A simple cloning vector may be enough for DNA copy production. Expression may need extra elements like a promoter.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Cloning vector with ori marker and cloning site. A simple cloning vector may be enough for DNA copy production. Expression may need extra elements like a promoter.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Simple cloning vector DNA copy production के लिए पर्याप्त हो सकता है। Expression के लिए promoter जैसे extra elements चाहिए हो सकते हैं।
A. Ori replication marker selection cloning site insertion
Step 1
Concept
Ori is for replication marker is for selection and cloning site is for insertion. This is the most useful comparison.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Ori replication marker selection cloning site insertion. Ori is for replication marker is for selection and cloning site is for insertion. This is the most useful comparison.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ori replication के लिए marker selection के लिए और cloning site insertion के लिए होता है। यही सबसे उपयोगी comparison है।
A. Ori marker और cloning site वाला DNA carrier/DNA carrier with ori marker and cloning site
Step 1
Concept
At easy level treat cloning vector as a DNA carrier with ori marker and cloning site. Questions are built from these functions.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Ori marker और cloning site वाला DNA carrier / DNA carrier with ori marker and cloning site. At easy level treat cloning vector as a DNA carrier with ori marker and cloning site. Questions are built from these functions.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Easy level पर cloning vector को DNA carrier मानें जिसमें ori marker और cloning site होते हैं। इन्हीं functions से questions बनते हैं।
A. Selectable marker की कमी/Lack of selectable marker
Step 1
Concept
Without a selectable marker it is difficult to select transformed cells. Therefore lack of marker reduces vector usefulness.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Selectable marker की कमी / Lack of selectable marker. Without a selectable marker it is difficult to select transformed cells. Therefore lack of marker reduces vector usefulness.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Selectable marker न हो तो transformed cells चुनना कठिन होगा। इसलिए marker की कमी vector usefulness घटाती है।
A. Vector लेने वाली cells चुनने के लिए/To select cells that took the vector
Step 1
Concept
Antibiotic selection allows transformed cells with marker to grow. Non-transformed cells cannot grow.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Vector लेने वाली cells चुनने के लिए / To select cells that took the vector. Antibiotic selection allows transformed cells with marker to grow. Non-transformed cells cannot grow.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Antibiotic selection marker वाले transformed cells को बढ़ने देती है। Non-transformed cells नहीं बढ़ पातीं।
A selectable marker directly helps identify and select transformed cells. Antibiotic resistance marker is an example.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Selectable marker. A selectable marker directly helps identify and select transformed cells. Antibiotic resistance marker is an example.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Selectable marker transformed cells की पहचान और selection में direct मदद करता है। Antibiotic resistance marker इसका example है।
A. Vector में screening marker मौजूद हो/Vector has a screening marker
Step 1
Concept
A screening marker helps distinguish recombinants and non-recombinants. Blue-white screening is an example.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Vector में screening marker मौजूद हो / Vector has a screening marker. A screening marker helps distinguish recombinants and non-recombinants. Blue-white screening is an example.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Screening marker recombinants और non-recombinants में अंतर करने में मदद करता है। Blue-white screening इसका example है।
A. उनके पास resistance marker होता है/They have a resistance marker
Step 1
Concept
Cells with a resistance marker can grow in the presence of antibiotic. This selects transformed cells.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. उनके पास resistance marker होता है / They have a resistance marker. Cells with a resistance marker can grow in the presence of antibiotic. This selects transformed cells.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Resistance marker वाली cells antibiotic की उपस्थिति में बढ़ सकती हैं। इससे transformed cells select होती हैं।
A. ओरी marker और cloning site/Ori marker and cloning site
Step 1
Concept
The basic parts of a cloning vector are ori marker and cloning site. Remember them with their functions.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ओरी marker और cloning site / Ori marker and cloning site. The basic parts of a cloning vector are ori marker and cloning site. Remember them with their functions.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Cloning vector के basic parts ori marker और cloning site हैं। इन्हें functions के साथ याद करें।
A. ओरी selectable marker और cloning site/Ori selectable marker and cloning site
Step 1
Concept
A good cloning vector should have parts like ori marker and cloning site. They help in replication selection and insertion.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ओरी selectable marker और cloning site / Ori selectable marker and cloning site. A good cloning vector should have parts like ori marker and cloning site. They help in replication selection and insertion.
Step 3
Exam Tip
एक अच्छे cloning vector में ori marker और cloning site जैसे भाग होने चाहिए। ये replication selection और insertion में मदद करते हैं।
A. ओरी और selectable marker/Ori and selectable marker
Step 1
Concept
Ori allows replication and marker helps in selection. Both are important for vector maintenance.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ओरी और selectable marker / Ori and selectable marker. Ori allows replication and marker helps in selection. Both are important for vector maintenance.
Step 3
Exam Tip
ओरी प्रतिकृति कराता है और marker selection में मदद करता है। दोनों vector maintenance के लिए महत्वपूर्ण हैं।
